17 th Century Weather Crisis- Most of Europe is worse off except for the Dutch.

1. 17th Century Weather Crisis-Most of Europe is worse off except for the Dutch.

2. Less grain production: smaller and fewer animals

3. Absolutism and Constitutionalism in Western Europe 1589-1715- Mostly France Larger standing armies . Increased 10 times by 1659 Heavy taxes Bureaucracies

4. Absolutism • Sovereignty (in one ruler ) • Control of force and laws within its borders • Like Medieval Kings – Divine Right • Eliminate the threat of the nobility • Regulated religion sects

5. How the Sovereign solved financial problems • Borrow money from the nobles in exchange for future tax exemptions • Create bureaucracies to levy taxes and find other ways to raise revenues • France – used middle class as collectors • Spain and Eastern Europe – aristocratic mix

6. Difference between the Medieval public officers and the 17th Century • Medieval and Renaissance viewed money they collected as their private property • 17th Century- money belongs to the state, collectors are representatives of the King

7. Absolutism • Permanent standing armies • Concerned themselves with the private lives of subjects- secret police and spies. • Not totalitarianism – no sophisticated mass media – TV – radio - recordings

8. Absolutism • Glorification of the State • Art • Ceremonies • Building projects • Theatre

9. For Louis – The glorification of the state and of the monarch were one in the same • “Le etat c’est moi!” I am the state.

10. Absolutism • War and expansionist foreign policies • Acquire new territories • Europe • New World • Modern sophisticated weaponry • Land • Sea

11. French Absolutism • Henry IV • Real Politique • A chicken in every pot • Aligns himself the common man • Places himself above all nobility • Becomes Catholic • Edict of Nantes • Over seas trade • Highway system • Wanted a United nations

12. French Absolutism • Sully – Chief finance minister • Protestant • Few wars – Savoy 1610 • Paulette – lowered taxes on the poor and taxed the wealthy for holding royal offices- Permanent Judges • Taxes declined but revenues increased

13. Richelieu • 1628 becomes First Minister of the French • Domestic Policies • Crown – Remade France’s administration. • Raison d’ etat • All must be subordinate to the Monarch • Crush upstart nobles • Divided France into generalities • Intendants were appointed directly by the monarch from the new judicial nobility and could that not be native of the district • Foreign Policy – Subdue Habsburg expansion from surrounding France

14. Louis XIII(r. 1610-1643) • Ends political independence of “a state within a state.” • Huguenot’s would not allow Catholics to worship freely in their cities. • La Rochelle 1627 – tied to Protestant Holland and England • City falls in 1628 • King reinstates Catholics • Towards French unification

15. Absolutism • Many riots over taxes and “outsiders” • Local authorities were helpless • By the end of the 17th century municipal authority was better integrated into the national structure. The French Academy – a French language and culture Economy – France never controlled the entire economy so it was not a complete absolutism.

16. The Fronde • The term means “ slingshot” or … the rebellion of aristocrats and country folk to the reign of Louis • Louis XIII under Mazarin is too weak to subject all the nobles • French provinces refused to pay taxes • French defeat Spain 1643 – War of the Pyrenees “no need for taxes” • Three significant results • The gov. would have to compromise with the local elites • French economy was disrupted • Louis XIV was traumatized

17. The Sun King… Louis XIV (1643 –1715) “ After me, the deluge.” • Silence and caution… “Je verrai” • Acted in every way like a king • Complete domestication of the nobles… perhaps cooperation is a better term. • The Palace at Versailles • Create a sense of awe • French replaces Latin as the international language • Used court ceremonials to undermine powerful nobles

18. Colbert • The Economy should serve the state • Mercantilism • Concept that resources are limited • Sell more goods then you buy • System of state inspections to insure quality • Control tariffs (taxes on foreign goods) • Merchant Marine and Sea power • 1683 France leads the world in productivity • 1685 The most highly centralized state in Europe • Agriculture still main business. Peasants emigrated

19. Goodbye to the Edict of Nantes • The Edict was never to be permanent • Religious pluralism was not in the 17th Century mindset

20. French Classicism • Glorification of the state through • Plays - Moliere • Paintings - Poussin • Architecture • Greco-Roman history

21. Architecture

22. Louis XIV’s Wars • Standardized the army • Uniforms • Commissariat • Clear means of promotion • Gains little territory • Collapse of the wheat harvest 1693-4

23. War of the Spanish Succession1701-1713 • Charles II of Spain is “unable to rule” land must be divided • Dutch and English would accept French rule of the Netherlands. Spain and France under French control was not acceptable • The Grand Alliance – Check France’s domination at home and abroad

24. The Peace of Utrecht 1713 • Philip of Anjou remains King of Spain • France gives up much of Canada • Depletes Spain and increases English power • Austria, not the Dutch gain Spanish Netherlands

26. Decline of Spain • Absolutist • Standing army • Bureaucracy • National taxes • Most taxes fell on the poor

27. Decline of Spain 17th Century • Expulsion of Jews and Moors depletes the middle class • Europeans began to trade with Spanish colonies • Declarations of bankruptcy • Aristocrats saw money-making as vulgar • Inflation • Weakening of the monarch - inbreeding

28. Don Quixote • Illusions of previous greatness • Idealistic but impractical • “ The Spaniard convinced himself that reality was what he felt , believed and imagined.”

29. Constitutionalism • The limiting of governmental power by law • By Republic or Monarchy • At this time there is not a democratic –republic in Europe

30. The Growing Power of Capitalism - England • Social mobility – Growing wealth of ‘Country gentry and middle class business men • The House of Commons “ we could buy the House of Lords three times over.” they wanted political power that was equal to their economic strength • English nobility, unlike the French had no stigma associated with taxes as long as they had a say in political affairs. • English nobility unlike the Spanish used their position and money in capitalistic ventures • Calvinism – Hard work, thrift, delay gratification

31. Decline of Absolutism in England • From Elizabeth I in the late 16th century to 1689 the monarchy loses power • 1603 – James IV of Scotland becomes James I of England

32. James I • Male lovers made him lose respect in Parliament • George Villiers the first Duke of Buckingham

33. Charles I (r.1623-1649)

35. Stuart, Stuart,Cromwell, Stuart • Hobbes – the Social Contract • Charles I –Treacherous • Triennial Act • Parliament would not provide him with an army to suppress “northern rebellions” • English Civil War • Parliament VS. The Royalists • 1649 King is beheaded • Cromwell – Puritan , Military Dictator- Navigation Act • Restoration – Charles II Stuart 1660 - 85 • James II Catholic , Divine Right • Glorious Revolution 1688

36. ll • Charles Beheaded

37. Cromwell

38. Charles II

39. James II

40. English Bill of Rights 1689 • William and Mary

42. The Dutch Republic: A loose confederation of states

44. The Hague

45. The Dutch Republic of the Seventeenth Century ( 1600’s) • Ruled by wealthy merchants with middle class values • Dutch East India Company – Overseas Imperialism • Navigation Acts 1651 – All English goods be transported by English Ships • Wars of 17th and early 18th centuries caused decline