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Muscle Fibres and Major Muscles: Information and Functions

Learn about voluntary and major muscles, muscle fibres, muscle contractions, and the role of muscles in movement and exercise. Discover the functions of major muscles in the arms, legs, and other body parts.

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Muscle Fibres and Major Muscles: Information and Functions

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  1. Muscles that are needed to create movement for exercise and sport are VOLUNTARY MUSCLES – GROSS and FINE MOTOR SKILLS. When muscles increase in size it is known as MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY When people lose muscle mass, it is known as ATROPHY. UNIT 1 - Information

  2. Trapezius (traps) Maintains shoulder position, rotates the shoulder and moves the head Deltoid Raises the arm forwards, backwards and sideways at the shoulder Pectorals (Pecs) Moves the shoulder and draws the arm across the chest Triceps Straightens (extends) the arm at the elbow joint Biceps Bends (flexes) the arm at the elbow joint Latissimus dorsi (lats) Pulls the arm down, draws the arm behind the back Quadriceps (quads) Rectus abdominis (abs) Gluteus maximus Straightens (extends) the leg at the knee joint Pulls the leg back at the hip when standing and climbing Bends (flexes) the trunk or spine so that you can bend forward Gastrocnemius (calf) Hamstring Straightens (extends) the ankle joint Bends (flexes) the leg at the knee UNIT 1 - Information Major Muscles Show/hide arrows Show/hide names Show/hide functions

  3. Voluntary muscle contains MUSCLE FIBRES, which, when stimulated by the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) contract or extend. UNIT 1 - Information Muscle Fibres There are 2 main types of MUSCLE FIBRE • SLOW TWITCH • FAST TWITCH Bicep muscle Bundle of fibres Fast twitch (white) A muscle fibre Slow twitch (red) GCSE Physical Education

  4. All muscles have a mixture of fast and slow twitch fibres. The mix is inherited, but both types can be trained to function better. The type of muscle fibre can often determine performance in different physical activities. Muscle action in all physical activity/ sport requires a contribution from each muscle fibre type. UNIT 1 - Information Muscle Fibres

  5. UNIT 1 - Information Characteristics of Muscle Fibres

  6. UNIT 1 - Information The Major Muscles Used In The Leg For Extension And Flexion Of The Hips And Knee Gluteus maximus contracts to extend hip ‘Hamstrings’ contract to extend hip and flex knee ‘Quadriceps’ relaxed ‘Hamstrings’ relaxed ‘Quadriceps’ contract to flex hip and extend knee MAIN MENU

  7. UNIT 1 - Information The Major Muscles Used In The Extension And Flexion Of The Arm FLEXION Right arm viewed from the side EXTENSION Right arm viewed from the side Origin tendons Scapula Triceps contracted to extend elbow Biceps contracted to flex elbow Biceps relaxed Humerus Insertion tendon Triceps relaxed Radius Ulna Radius Humerus Ulna

  8. Muscles can PULL by CONTRACTION: they cannot push. Muscles NEVER work alone – they always work in pairs or groups. As one muscle contracts, another will relax. These pairs of muscles are called ANTAGONISTIC PAIRS. The muscles that bring the bones together are the PRIME MOVERS or AGONISTS (they cause the contraction). The opposite to this are the ANTAGONISTIC muscles – those which relax. UNIT 1 - Information MUSCLES IN ACTION

  9. Other muscles called SYNERGISTS contract at the same time as the AGONIST to help it work smoothly – stop unnecessary movement. FIXATORS are muscles which contract to steady parts of the body to allow the working muscles a firm base. Muscles have two ends and these are attached to bones by TENDONS. 1) The end that attaches to the FIXED bone is called the ORIGIN. 2) The other end is called the INSERTION and is attached to the MOVING bone. UNIT 1 - Information MUSCLES IN ACTION

  10. Muscles contract in different ways to produce a range of movements: UNIT 1 - Information TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION ISOTONIC ISOMETRIC ISOKINETIC Concentric contraction Eccentric contraction Muscle remains the same length These contractions occur when the speed of the contraction remains constant Muscle shortens as it contracts Muscle lengthens but is still under tension No movement as a result Ends of muscle move closer together Ends of muscle move further apart Helps to improve posture and strength

  11. The LEVER SYSTEM in the body is formed wherever a MUSCLE is attached to a BONE. The MUSCLES use the BONES as the LEVERS against which they work to cause movement. UNIT 1 - Information MUSCLES AND JOINTS AS LEVERS

  12. All levers have the same characteristic: P/F PIVOT or FULCRUM – the point of movement that takes the strain of one moving away from another. L/R LOAD or RESISTANCE – Body weight or external weight. E EFFORT – A muscular force to move the load. In the body, these are the:- P/F – Joints. L/R – Body weight or external weight. E – Muscles and Bones. UNIT 1 - Information MUSCLES AND JOINTS AS LEVERS

  13. There are 3 types of lever in the body, each of which is capable of producing different types and ranges of movements and forces. Levers are classified according to the positions of: UNIT 1 - Information MUSCLES AND JOINTS AS LEVERS LOAD / RESISTANCE EFFORT FULCRUM / PIVOT E F L

  14. In the 3rd class lever, the effort E is between the fulcrum F and the load L. UNIT 1 - Information MUSCLES AND JOINTS AS LEVERS L E EFFORT F FULCRUM / PIVOT E L LOAD / RESISTANCE Show/Hide arm F In this type of lever the muscle is attached close to the joint allowing a long lever movement from a small muscular contraction.

  15. The use of this lever is to gain SPEED of movement of the LOAD. The longer the lever, the greater is the turning force at the end of it e.g. tennis rackets, golf clubs, fully extended arm while bowling in cricket. UNIT 1 - Information The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement MUSCLES AND JOINTS AS LEVERS

  16. Regular training tones muscles and helps to create good posture (the way the body is held in position). Muscles will hypertrophy (increase in size). Muscles will develop better endurance. UNIT 1 - Information MUSCLE TONE AND POSTURE Healthy Lifestyle Sporting Performance Muscle tone can be seen when muscles are in a state of slight tension and they are ready for action

  17. Muscle tone developed by regular exercise makes daily tasks such as shopping and gardening easier. It also helps to prevent injury, as good posture reduces the strain on muscles; tendons and ligaments. Good posture helps with sporting performance as special positions are often crucial to success, e.g. the position throughout the golf swing. People with good posture also feel better about themselves. An upright body position is often a sign of self confidence. People who are less confident will sometimes show this in their body language, e.g. by adopting a slouched posture. UNIT 1 - Information The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement MUSCLE TONE AND POSTURE

  18. 1. The third-order lever is the most common type of lever found in the human body. E F L E EFFORT E F L FULCRUM / PIVOT LOAD / RESISTANCE L F UNIT 1 – Practical Application Using the diagrams to help you, describe how a 3rd class lever works in the human body.

  19. Try and identify where the Fulcrum, Load and Effort are in the following movements: (i) Contraction of lower leg in readiness to kick a ball. (ii) Squatting in readiness to forward roll: legs. UNIT 1 – Practical Application

  20. Look at the labelled diagrams of the muscular system. Match each label with its corresponding function by dragging the number and dropping it next to the correct label. Latissimus dorsi Deltoid Pectorals Triceps Biceps Gluteals Abdominals Obliques Hamstring Quadriceps Gastrocnemius UNIT 1 – Practical Application Flexes the knee and extends the hip Extends and adducts the shoulders Extends the elbow 1 5 9 1 5 9 Extends the knee and flexes the hip Flexes, abducts and rotates the shoulders Flexes the spine 2 6 10 2 6 10 Extends the hip Adducts and rotates the shoulders Points the foot 3 7 11 3 7 11 Flexes the elbow Sideways flexion and rotation of spine 4 8 4 8

  21. Skeletal system Respiratory system Cardiovascular system Aerobic / anaerobic systems Energy continuum Training zones Intensity / duration of exercise Short-term effects of exercise on the systems of the body Long-term effects of exercise on the systems of the body Body type UNIT 1 - Links

  22. UNIT 1 - Activity • What are the functions of levers in the body? • What role do the bones, joints and muscles play in the lever system of the body? • Where is a lever system formed in the body? • “The 3rd-class lever causes a small contraction of the biceps when bending your arm, which produces a large movement of the forearm.” What other advantage does this type of lever system give?

  23. KEY FACTS Healthy Lifestyles Skeletal system MOVEMENT Muscular system Functions Functions Optimal sporting performance Types/Voluntary/ Involuntary/Cardiac Bones – Appendicular/Axial Fibre Types Slow / Fast Joints Characteristics Type – Location – Movement allowed Antagonistic Muscle Action Ligaments Tendons Origin / Insertion Cartilage 3rd Order Levers UNIT 1 – Key Facts/ Glossary

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