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Decoding the Genetic Blueprint: A Journey into Protein Synthesis

Explore the intricate process of protein synthesis from mRNA splicing to amino acid translation, tRNA functions, and the role of ribosomes. Discover how mistakes and genetic diversity play crucial roles in this fundamental biological pathway.

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Decoding the Genetic Blueprint: A Journey into Protein Synthesis

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  1. Spliceosome attachs to hnRNA and begins to snip out non-coding introns mRNA strand composed of exons is free to leave the nucleus

  2. TRANSLATION: turning mRNA into a protein. Group of three nucleotides on mRNA is called a CODON. 4 types of nucleotides arranged in multiples of 3 means 43 = 64 possible combinations Each codon ultimately stands for an amino acid. Slight variations for the same a.a. are called “synonyms.” There are START and STOP codons: AUG = start; UAA, UAG, UGA = stop

  3. A hairpin loop is produced when single-stranded RNA doubles back on itself and complementary base pairing occurs.

  4. A tRNA molecule. The amino acid attachment site is at the open end of the cloverleaf (the 39 end), and the anticodon is located in the loop opposite the open end.

  5. An aminoacyl - tRNA synthetase has an active site for tRNA and a binding site for the particular amino acid that is to be attached to that tRNA.

  6. tRNA= smallest RNA Interprets genetic info in DNA & brings specific amino acids to ribosome for protein synthesis. Only tRNA can translate genetic info into amino acids for proteins. One or more different tRNAs for each of 20 A.A. tRNAs are all similar, made of 70-90 nucleotides. H bonds between some bases make loops

  7. The interaction between anticodon (tRNA) and codon (mRNA), which involves complementary base pairing, governs the proper placement of amino acids in a protein.

  8. The Universal Genetic Code.

  9. A transfer RNA molecule (tRNA for short) brings correct amino acid to ribosome & drops it off. e.g.: AUG (codes for methionine) tRNA brings methionine to ribosome.

  10. Ribosomes, which contain both rRNA and protein, have structures that contain two subunits. One subunit is much larger than the other.

  11. Initiation of protein synthesis begins with the formation of an initiation complex.

  12. The process of translation that occurs during protein synthesis

  13. The process of translation that occurs during protein synthesis (cont’d)

  14. The process of translation that occurs during protein synthesis. (cont’d)

  15. Several ribosomes can simultaneously proceed along a single strand of mRNA one after another. Such a complex of mRNA and ribosomes is called a polysome.

  16. Chemistry at a Glance:Protein Synthesis

  17. Errors do occur • Repair enzymes always • making repairs • Mutations usually are harmful • Sometimes milder ones lead • to genetic variety

  18. Recombinant DNA is made by inserting a gene obtained from a cell of one kind of organism into the DNA of another kind of organism.

  19. Cleavage pattern resulting from a restriction enzyme that cleaves DNA between G and A bases in the 5’-to-3’ direction in the sequence G - A - A - T - T - C. The double helix structure is not cut straight across.

  20. The “sticky ends” of the cut plasmid and the cut gene are complementary and combine to form recombinant DNA.

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