The World Economy 1400s-1700s Ch. 16

1. The World Economy1400s-1700sCh. 16 AP World History

2. Silver • Vital to the World Economy • Spaniards took over silver mines in Mexico and South America (mainly Bolivia) by the mid-16th century. • Spanish monarchy kept 1/5 of mined silver; used to build armies and public buildings. • Most of silver used in trade; silver passed through Spanish merchants and on to China and India. • Silver began replacing paper money in China and during the Ming dynasty, some taxes had to be paid in silver; gap between rich and poor Chinese people increased due to taxes paid in silver.

3. Maritime Power • Constant contact between Western and Eastern known world prior to this period. • Europeans still ignorant of wider world -Some had a fear of exploration because they believed the world was flat. -Vikings had already ventured to Greenland and N. America by 10th century.

4. New Technology • During 15th century, Europeans: - adapted Chinese explosives into gunnery, making first guns and cannons. -designed/built new ships to carry heavy armaments. -used and improved compass and map-making. • Thus, military power and advantage grew and Europeans were easily able to intimidate and gain power.

5. Portugal • Rulers wanted to explore: excitement, potential harm to the powerful Muslim world, wealth. • 1434, began expeditions down African coast (slaves & spices). • 1498, Vasco da Gama’s fleet found a route around African tip, arriving in India. -difficult to trade b/c of est. Muslim traders; later used violence to gain items for world trade. • Set up trade forts on African & Indian coasts. • 1514, reached Indonesia (spices!) & China. • 1542, reached Japan, launched missionary efforts.

6. Spain • Also wanted to prove itself to Muslim world & gain wealth. • 1492: last Muslim fortress captured; Spain sends Columbus for a Western route to India, instead “discovers” a new world. • Later expedition by Amerigo Vespucci gave new world its name. • Spain won papal approval to claim present-day Latin America. Portugal won papal approval over Brazil. • Ferdinand Magellan sailed westward in 1519, across Pacific, reaching Indonesian islands(1521); Spain claimed Philippines and various Pacific islands.

7. Northern European Expeditions • Gained lead in exploration by late 16th cent. • France, England, and Holland strove to gain land and spread Protestantism. • Easily explored with faster, lighter ships. • Mainly aimed for N. America because of Spain and Portuguese dominance in south. • Driven by discovery of uncharted land, native populations, and potential profit. • Expeditions from anywhere in Europe were always life-risking.

8. France • 1534, crossed Atlantic and claimed Canada. • 17th cent, pressed south to Great Lakes and Mississippi valley regions.

9. Britain • Wanted to find a NW passage to spices in India, accomplishing little before 17th cent. • By 17th cent, gained N. American east coast colonies.

10. Holland • Dutch competed with Portuguese for SE Asian ports; ousted Portuguese from Indonesian islands by 17th cent. • Established settlements in S. Africa as relay station for East Indies-bound ships.

11. Trading Companies • Companies given gov. monopolies on trade in designated regions. -not strictly supervised by gov. -companies able to raise armies and money; gained fortunes; acted like independent govs. in specified regions. • Dutch East India Company ruled Taiwan for some time. • British East India Company ruled parts of India (18th cent.); had active role in N. American fur trade.

12. Europe’s sea routes led to… • Columbian exchange: foods, diseases, ppl. • New import-export patterns • New overseas empires

13. Columbian Exchange • 16th and 17th cent, Euro- peans & Africans brought diseases to Native Amer- icans; over ½ of native population died. -Europeans able to repopulate new world with African slaves & Europeans. • New World crops (corn, potatoes, etc) spread via W. merchants; adoption of new crops triggered large pop. increases around world; new staple crops. • Some Europeans feared new food b/c they believed it spread the plague and it wasn’t mentioned in Bible. • Horses and cattle introduced to New World.

14. West’s Commercial Outreach • Europe did not completely take over Asian & African territories, just established ports there. • Europe weaseled way in and dominated international trade routes, increasing profits. -EX. Battle of Lepanto (1571), Spanish fleet defeated Ottoman empire navy in Mediterranean; ended hope for Muslims to defeat European naval power; Europe dominated Mediterranean trade. • 17th cent: ports on w. coast of Africa, in India, in SE Asian islands; Dutch port in Nagasaki. -provided contacts and goods that Europeans would not otherwise receive *Europeans gained access without total control*

15. Imbalances • Spain first dominated World trade, lost control b/c lack of bank system; England, France, Holland then dominated world trade; profits brought wealth and capital. • W. Europe traded manufactured goods (guns, cloth) for raw materials (silver, sugar); enhanced commercialism • Mercantilism: basic world trade policy; nations sell exports as much as possible without importing goods from outside of own empire. -Tariffs(taxes) stimulated home-based manufacturing. • Dependents to core nations produced low-cost goods (metals and crops) and human labor (slave trade) for dominating nations.

16. International Inequality • Only a few people in European dominated regions benefited from European trade/exploitation, not whole region. -African slave traders grew rich. -Latin American regional merchants and farmers grew rich from mines and food sale. • Many peasants stuck to subsistence farming, not entering market economy. • Forced labor grew wherever there was cheap production. -African slaves, Native Americans/mestizo enslave- ment, spice production slaves in Dutch East Indies.

17. “World” Economy • Some countries and regions stayed out of world trade system; i.e. China and Japan stayed relatively isolated • India interested in World trade, selling goods for silver and allowing coastal ports, but rulers more focused on internal development. • Russia traded mainly with nomads in central Asia, not Western world trade. • Non-slave-trade Africa untouched by world trade.

18. China • Avoided involvement in international trade on another country’s terms. • Extensive gov. regulation to keep Europeans(with Asian ports) in check • Kept traditional characteristics, valuing old over new; did, however, adopt European gunnery. • China was a strong exporter, receiving much of New World silver; avoided subservience to European merchants; no need for outside goods.

19. Japan • Open to Christian missions; fascinated by W. gunnery and shipping. • Guns used in feudal wars; leaders worried this western influence would threaten samurai dominance. • Still, made own gun industry, then cut out most European contact. • Travel in and out of Japan forbidden besides some Chinese contacts and Dutch-Nagasaki port.

20. Expansionist • 16th cent. world trade dependencies: S. America, the W. Indies, parts of N. America, regions in w. Africa. -by 17th cent, some of SE Asia brought into dependencies via W. trading companies. • 17th cent, as Indian Mughal Empire fell, British and French E. India Companies moved in. • -Manufacturing in India declined as it became more dependent on Europe (never completely dependent like Latin America). • E. Europe exported more grains (grown by serfs) to the growing W. Europe cities.

21. Colonial Expansion • Europe had a network of overseas colonies • Sugar became more readily available around the world; it wasn’t just a high-class product anymore; prompted dentistry by 18th cent.

22. Francisco Pizarro, conquistador The Americas • Euro guns, horses, weapons were advantageous and pop. losses created opportunities in colonies. • Spanish expanded via violent and treacherous adventurers; launched expedition from Cuba for conquest of Aztecs(Mexico); 1531, fought toward Inca realm(Andes); continued to spread south. • Colonies established by gold-seeking Europeans; formal administrations on new lands later formed as agricultural settlements grew. • French in Canada; Dutch and English on E. coast of N. America; 17th cent, all three colonized W. Indian islands.

23. British and French • Religious refugees went to English colonies; proprietors received gov land grants. • French Canada(New France) had high birth rates; Catholic organization. • Seven Years War (b/w England and France) • -Ended with Treaty of Paris(1763): France regained W. Indian sugar islands & African posts. Britain took control of Canada & MS basin. • Dutch attached to Asian colonies; British and French attached to West Indian holdings, N. America not as profitable.

24. N. America • S. colonies: tobacco, sugar, cotton; large estates based on: slave labor, wealthy planter, weak formal govs. • Colonists had assemblies, gained political experience; they read European Enlightenment materials and philosophies • 18th cent, American merchants tradedwith China, so Britain tried to put more limits (taxes) on this local economy and thus encouraged rebellion. • Colonists displaced Native Americans, gained vast stretches of territory; never tried to combine cultures as those in Latin America did(religion). • 1700, African slaves well established

25. N. America & W. Europe • White N. American settlers maintained most features of Euro-style families and lifestyles; but, settlers had larger families. • The independent American government (1776) used many W. European theories and ideas.

26. Africa and Asia • Europeans generally stuck to small African ports, without moving to interior. -1652, Dutch Cape Colony (S. Africa): supply station for ships that became a Dutch farming region; clashed with the Africans (trying to enslave). • Spain in the PI, won MANY converts; Dutch company in Indonesia & Taiwan; beginning in 17th cent, French and British fighting over dominance in India.

27. India • British East India company gained Calcutta and had strong connections with British gov, giving it more power; the French had neither. • French interested in missionary work; British more interested in profits. • Both had Indian allies and troops. • English lost Calcutta(1756) and regained it, plus more territory; French lost power in India; Britain would continue its hold over India.

28. Continuities • Slave labor continued to grow • European brutality in conquests over civilizations • Religion and profits drove colonizers • Attempting to find shorter routes to India (England, Spain, Portugal tried) • Various regions refused to be affected by expanding world trade • Muslims continued trade in Africa.

29. Changes • “New” foods/crops spread world-wide • Introduction of animals to the New world • Diseases changed demography of Americas • The core nations flip-flopped and so did their dependencies; as colonial holdings grew, world economy grew.

30. Major Comparisons • British vs. French: French seemed more focused on evangelizing non-believers while the British were driven more by profits. (EX. India) • Actual land possessions of the major exploration countries (size and location).