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Psychology of Prejudice

Psychology of Prejudice. Types of Racism Value Duality & Regressive Racism Group Conflict (Sherif) Causes of Prejudice (review) Interdependence & Jigsaw Classroom. Definitions J. Kovel, White Racism. Racism: social institutions which disadvantage a group

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Psychology of Prejudice

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  1. Psychology of Prejudice Types of Racism Value Duality & Regressive Racism Group Conflict (Sherif) Causes of Prejudice (review) Interdependence & Jigsaw Classroom

  2. DefinitionsJ. Kovel, White Racism • Racism: social institutions which disadvantage a group • Prejudice: a person’s negative stereotypes, hostility, misunderstandings

  3. Types of PrejudiceJoel Kovel: White Racism • Dominative Racism • Aversive Racism • Metaracism

  4. Dominative Racism • Southern Slavery • Face-to-face domination • Emotionally “hot” • Aggression • Sexuality

  5. Aversive Racism • Northern segregation • Separation; distance • Emotionally “cold” • Pollution • Dirt

  6. Metaracism • Post-Civil Rights Movement • Official anti-discrimination • Institutional Racism • Discrimination & inequality preserved without personal prejudice • Stereotypes operate automatically • Value duality & ambivalence • “reverse” & “regressive” racism

  7. Ambivalence / Value Duality Theories • Katz & Hass: Attitudinal Ambivalence Value Duality • Rogers & Prentice-Dunn: Reverse Racism & Regressive Racism

  8. Ambivalence / Value Duality( Katz & Hass ) • Background Stigma  ambivalence  quick to help, exonerate quick to blame, avoid, reject

  9. White Attitudes • Less overt prejudice; still covert prejudice • Lip-Service? • Positive & negative “side by side”? • Co-existence of anti-discrimination attitudes & racial bias • Duality: Blacks seen asdisadvantaged&deviant

  10. Unintentional Harm Experiments • Subjects who inflict unintentional harm derogate (view negatively) their victims • Cognitive dissonance theory: harm  dissonance  justification

  11. Unintentional Harm Experiments • Whites shock confederates (black or white) Give more negative “personal impressions” of blacks than whites • Prejudice scale & sympathy scale ( Uncorrelated ) • Whites high on both -- “ambivalent” -- gave most derogatory views of black “victim”

  12. Post-Harm Helping Experiment • White subjects shock black vs. white • “Victim” departs, leaving request for help on research project: writing sentence many times • Subjects give black “victims” 3 times the help they give to white “victims”

  13. Value Duality • Egalitarianism  Blacks as disadvantaged (Egalitarianism scale) • Competitive Individualism  Blacks as deviant (Protestant Ethic scale)

  14. Attitude Ambivalence Study • Pro-black scale (r = .58 with scale of egalitarian values) • Anti-black scale (r = .49 with scale of Protestant Ethic values) • Ambivalence = pro score X anti score

  15. Attitude Ambivalence Study • 100 Subjects (college students) • Student endangered by chem lab fire • Questionnaire with 4 versions: • White X Black main character • Brave X Timid actions • Higher ambivalence  higher praise & blame of blacks

  16. Conclusion “A substantial number of whites hold two opposing and contradictory racial attitudes, one friendly and the other hostile. “This ambivalence can cause behavior toward minority persons to be unstable and extreme – in either a positive or a negative direction, depending on the situation.

  17. Regressive Racism( Rogers & Prentice-Dunn ) • New egalitarian norms  “reverse discrimination” (preferential treatment)

  18. “Behavior Modification” / “Biofeedback” Experiment • 96 white college S-s in groups of 4 • Monitoring confederate’s heart rate • Giving shocks when heart rate drops • Dependent Variable: shock intensity shock duration

  19. 2 x 2 x 2 Factorial Design

  20. Results • Main effect of deindividuation • Deindividuation  higher shock • No main effect of race of victim • Interaction effect of insult & race

  21. Race X InsultInteractionEffect

  22. Regressive racism Reverse discrimination

  23. Discussion • Ambivalence: Katz’s ambivalence  amplification • Disinhibition: de-indiv & insult allow deep-seated prejudice to be expressed • Regression: de-indiv & insult cause regression to older prejudice

  24. Conclusions Americans take a Janus-faced view of interracial encounters, one face looking forward but the other face focusing grimly on the past.

  25. Implications • In conditions of meta-racism… many whites feel anxious & ambivalent. • They hold sincere anti-prejudicial attitudes… but when threatened, quick to reject and “slip into” stereotyping

  26. What to do?…to overcome ambivalence& prejudices

  27. Boys’ Camp Experimenton Group Conflict Muzafir Sherif 1956

  28. “Robbers’ Cave” Camp • Mapped friendship networks • Introduced group competition • Mapped new friendship networks • Observed behavior • Non-competitive social interaction • Staged Emergency

  29. No groups:friendship networks formed

  30. In-Group Formation:New Friendship Networks

  31. In-Group Formation:New friendship networks

  32. Robbers Cave ExperimentGroup Competition

  33. Group Competitions • In-group solidarity + prejudice against out-group • Hostility: scuffles & raids • Bullies become leaders & heroes • Epithets(even for former “best friends”) “Ladies first!” “Get the dirt off!”

  34. How to Reduce Conflict? Friendly social interaction: more hostility, epithets, taunting

  35. Staged Emergency

  36. Staged Emergency • Rattlers & eagles cooperate • Hostility, taunting drop • New cross-group friendships form

  37. “Robbers’ Cave” Camp • Opportunities for pleasant interaction  continued hostility • Interdependence (staged emergency)  decreased hostility, cooperation, re-formed friendship patterns

  38. Causes of Prejudice( Elliot Aronson ) • Low social status • Scapegoating • Authoritarian Personality • Realistic Group Conflict • Conformity to Social Norms

  39. Causes of Prejudice( Elliot Aronson ) • Low socio-economic status  higher prejudice

  40. Causes of Prejudice( Elliot Aronson ) 1. Economic & political competition ( “realistic group conflict theory” ) Sherif experiment

  41. Causes of Prejudice( Elliot Aronson ) 2. Scapegoat Theory frustration  displaced aggression • Jews as scapegoats in Nazi Germany • Lynchings correlated with cotton prices • Pogroms against Chinese in Indonesia

  42. Causes of Prejudice( Elliot Aronson ) 3. Prejudiced Personality Authoritarian Personality

  43. Causes of Prejudice( Elliot Aronson ) 4. Conformity to community norms people who move shift attitudes miners: prejudiced above ground integrated below

  44. “Stateways can change folkways” • Changing attitudes often doesn’t change behavior • Changing behavior often changes attitudes

  45. De-segregation • “Equal status contact”  succeeds • “Inequality & competition”  increases hostility

  46. Successful Integration • Equal Status + Interdependence • Sherif experiment • Jigsaw Classroom http://www.jigsaw.org/

  47. What to do?Inter-dependence ! ! !

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