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Case Study : the development of Korean Nuclear Power Infrastructure

This case study examines the development of Korean nuclear power infrastructure, including the incubation of the program, the role of NEPIO, and the lessons learned. It also highlights the economic and industrial benefits of localization and the importance of continuous infrastructural investment. The study emphasizes the close coordination with economic and industrial development plans and the continual assessment and update of the national plan.

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Case Study : the development of Korean Nuclear Power Infrastructure

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  1. Case Study : the development of Korean Nuclear Power Infrastructure IL SOON HWANG* and SUNG YEOL CHOI School of Energy Systems Engineering (hisline@snu.ac.kr) *Director Nuclear Transmutation Energy Research Center of Korea Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Workshop on the Evaluation Methodology for Nuclear Power Infrastructure Development IAEA, Vienna, 10-12 December 2008

  2. Acknowledgments Alex R. Burkart of US Department of State for his encouragement to initiate this work and constant support Yury Sokolov,C. Russell Clark, and Ki-Sig Kang of IAEA Poong-Eil Juhn of Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) Chang Hyo Kim of Korea Atomic Energy Commission Si Hwan Kim of Ulsan University Sang Doug Park of Korea Electric Power Research Institute Nam-Sung Ahn of Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) Tae-Eun Yang formerly of Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power Han Young Lee of KAERI Koo Woun Park formerly of Korea Power Engineering Company Soon Heung Chang of KAIST Chong Hun Rieh, the former KEPCO President IAEA 10-12 December 2008 2

  3. Background of Korean Case 1 Incubation of Korean NP Programme 2 NEPIO : Cradle for the 1st NP Programme 3 Lessons Learned from Korean NP Programme 4 Summary : Korean NP Programme 5 Outline

  4. First Korean NPP Startup In 1978 GDP per Capita ($) “Atom for Peace” fostered the NP Study in the devastated Korea following Korean War (1950–53) and greatly helped successful Startup of 1st NPP(Kori-1) in 1978 Background of Korean Case • Densely populated & heavily industrialized • >97% energy is imported (~35% of all import) • ~36% of national electricity from 20 NPP’s • National Plan to increase to 59% by 2030

  5. Ulchin Seoul Wolsung Younggwang Kori Operation Under construction Under planning OPR1000 Background of Korean Case Kori - the site of the 1st Korean NPP : before (top) and now (bottom).

  6. Incubation of Korean NP ProgrammeNuclear Energy Programme Implementing Office (NEPIO) IAEA 10-12 December 2008 6

  7. 1978 Operation & localization Phase 4 1990 Separate Regulator (KINS) from KAERI 1989 Start NPP Standardization & Join COCOM 1981 Nuclear Safety Center within KAERI 1969 Contracted • Commercial Operation of 1st NPP • 1975 Entry into force of NPT & Join CSA • 1971 Begin 1st NPP Construction on Turnkey Basis Phase 3 1961 National plan 1968 Confirm 20 year Plan, Sign NPT & Invite Bid for NPP 1964 Start Site Evaluation and Selection (confirm site in 1966) 1961 1st 5yr Economic Development Plan, MOST, KAERI, KEPCO Phase 2 1956 Preparation 1958 Enact Atomic Energy Act & Establish NEPIO 1957 Join IAEA 1956 First ICPUAE, ROK-US Bilateral Agreement & Pre-NEPIO Phase 1 Incubation of Korean NP Programme

  8. NEPIO : Cradle for the 1st NP Programme • Competent NEPIO for developing national plan • Endowing NEPIO strong authority and manpower for the national plan development • Maintaining continuous infrastructural investment under the government leadership • Close coordination with economic and industrial development plan • Continual assessment and update of national plan • In-depth evaluation of world NP industry & experiences • Develop a national plan and undertake internal reviews • Coordinate international reviews (including IAEA) IAEA 10-12 December 2008 8

  9. NEPIO : Cradle for the 1st NP Programme Korean NEPIO in 1958 with competent members drawn from government, universities, research institutes. IAEA 10-12 December 2008 9

  10. NPT Financing Heavy & Chemical Industry Plan Export-driven Economy Industrial synergy for localization Financing Safety Stable & inexpensive electricity Legal & regulatory framework NP Program (NEPIO) Labor intensive consumer products Systemic Strategies International Collaborations Reducing food imports National security via economic development Stable & inexpensive electricity Agricultural Development Plan Labor intensive Industry Plan Cheap labor NEPIO : Cradle for the 1st NP Programme Korean NP Programme and National Economic Developments in 1960-70s 10 IAEA 10-12 December 2008

  11. NEPIO : Cradle for the 1st NP Programme • Human Resource Development • Training for improving technical ability and obtaining high quality human resources support • Safeguard efforts under international cooperations IAEA 10-12 December 2008 11

  12. Site investigation and selection of NPP Investigation of the trends world NP society Long term energy supply and demand plan with NPP Feasibility study of a NPP Long-term plan for next 20 years NEPIO : Cradle for the 1st NP Programme • Evaluation, Reviews and Plan Reports • Database and materials for decision making and systematic cooperation 12 IAEA 10-12 December 2008

  13. NEPIO : Cradle for the 1st NP Programme IAEA external consultants several internal review IAEA 10-12 December 2008 13

  14. Lessons Learned from Korean NP Program 1990s Become the prime contractor with foreign subcontractors: Localization programcontributes to improve economy, to increase capacity factor, and to establish complete and up-to-date infrastructure for competitive NP programme 1980s Standardization of 6 NPP’s with 950MWe (non-turnkey) involving domestic subcontractors: Establishing AE company & Classifying component by localization feasibility 1970s Three turnkey NPP with limited internal procurement to non-safety areas: inability of Korean industry to meet strict quality standards • NEPIO played key roles during Phases 1 and 2. • Developed needed infrastructures in 10 years • The 1st NPP on turnkey basis for safety and QA • Continued collaboration among former NEPIO members led to competitive NP infrastructure of Korea. IAEA 10-12 December 2008 14

  15. Lessons Learned from Korean NP Program Initial overestimation of economic growth WORLD Continuous investment under the government leadership with enhancing safety feature caused TMI & Chernobyl accident Oil Crisis Orange : new construction Dark Red : total generation Oil Crisis Still increases of total power generation because of growing availability factor In 1980s, Korea had plan to increase NPP up to about 40 units by 2000. However, Korea did not reach it because of slowed economy and anti-nuclear movement. KOREA TMI Chernobyl IAEA 10-12 December 2008 15

  16. Lessons Learned from Korean NP Program • Excellent operation and safety records. • Increasing localization of NPP leads high load factor and low unplanned outage • High load factor leads to low generation cost • Aiming at 100% localization of APR1400 by 2012 IAEA 10-12 December 2008 16

  17. Lessons Learned from Korean NP Program • Site and Environment • Site and supporting facilities • Environmental protection • Emergency planning • Financing & Industry • Financing • Industrial involvement • Procurement • Fuel Cycle & Wastes • Nuclear fuel cycle • Radioactive waste • Governmental Mechanisms • National position • Program management • Legislative framework • National electrical grid • Stakeholder involvement • Human resources development • Safeguard & Security • Safeguards • Security and physical protection • Safety & Regulations • Nuclear safety • Regulatory framework • Radiation protection IAEA 10-12 December 2008

  18. Lessons Learned from Korean NP Program National Energy & Economic Development Phase VI Fusion & Nuclear Vehicles Phase V Gen IV & Hydrogen Phase IV Nuclear Waste & Fuel Cycle Phase I & II 1st NPP Preparation Phase III NP Operation & Localization Progress in Nuclear Power Technology IAEA 10-12 December 2008 18

  19. Lessons Learned from Korean NP Program • Non-proliferation • National Security Concerns • North Korea Effect • Legal Framework • Safety Regulation • Waste Management • Stakeholder = Long-term Governance • Management of Departmentalism IAEA 10-12 December 2008 19

  20. 1990 Why ? Needs for independent regulation 1968 , Option #1 : Separate builder/operator Option #2 : Maintain within NEPIO Why? Good financial standing & Business MOST/KAERI Legislation, R&D 2001 KINS Regulator 2004 MOST/KAERI Legal Framework & R & D 1968 KINS Safety-Safeguard 1990 2004 Why ? Stronger Safeguards (AP) 1967 Why? Human resources in engineering and scientific fields KINAC Safeguard 2004 NEPIO Under MOST 1961 1961 Option #1 : Cross-cutting Organization Option #2 : MCE Why? Strong driving force KEPCO Owner/operator 1968 NEPIO 1958 KHNP Owner/operator 2001 1975 - Why ? Rapid expansion and Specialization Pre-NEPIO 1956 Industries and KEPCO subsidiaries 2001 2001 Why ? Market deregulation Lessons Learned from Korean NP Program

  21. Summary : KoreanNP Programme • Competent NEPIO played key roles for planning and implementations of successful NP programme • International collaborations have been key for infrastructure development and for avoiding political mishaps and technical mistakes. • Competitive infrastructure has been established. • Remaining Issues • Regulatory framework • Excessive departmentalism • Nuclear waste management • Sustainable fuel cycles IAEA 10-12 December 2008 21

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