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1. http://www.clickatutor.com/mitochondria.jpg Cellular RespirationCampbell Chapter 9Slide shows modified from: Glenbrook High School AP site http://gbs.glenbrook.k12.il.us/Academics/gbssci/bio/apbio/Index/index.htm& Dr. Chuck Downinghttp://gohs.tvusd.k12.ca.us/TeacherWebs/Science/CDowning/default.aspx

2. http://www.inclusive.co.uk/downloads/images/pics2/tree.gif AUTOTROPHS ___________ use energy from sunlight or chemicals to make their own food In the last chapter green plants used ________________ trap energy from __________ and make ______________ PHOTOSYNTHESIS sunlight food (glucose) http://206.173.89.42/REALTYWITHALOHA_COM/piphoto/funny%20sun%20with%20sunglasses.gif

3.  Image from: http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/sheep/ansc442/Semprojs/2003/spiderlamb/eatsheep.gif In this chapter we will learn how ______________ get their energy by consuming other organisms. HETEROTROPHS GLUCOSE We get our energy from the __________ plants made during _______________ when we eat plants or eat animals that ate the plants. PHOTOSYNTHESIS http://www.cibike.org/Eating.htm

4. In this chapter, we will learn how this glucose is ____________ by organisms and the _______ is stored as _______ broken down energy ATP What kind of organisms do this?

5. ALL LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY! All organisms burn glucose for fuel Animals (Including humans) plants bacteria fungi

7. PHOTOSYNTHESIS 6 CO2 ___________ + _________ + ___________ →_______________ + __________ 6 H2O C6H12O6 6O2 CELLULAR RESPIRATION C6H12O6 6 CO2 _____________ + _________ →________ + __________ + __________ ______________________________________________________________ 6O2 6 H2O The two equations are exact opposites!

8. http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/777814/2/istockphoto_777814_oil_bonus_pack.jpghttp://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/777814/2/istockphoto_777814_oil_bonus_pack.jpg Loss of hydrogen atoms Energy Gain of hydrogen atoms REMEMBER: OIL RIG OXIDATIONREDUCTION Is Loss of electrons Is Gain of electrons Remove H Add H Releases energy Stores energy Exergonic Endergonic OXIDATION REDUCTION

9. slowly many steps CELLULAR RESPIRATION happens __________ in ________________. If all the energy was released in one step… most would be lost as ____________________! light and heat See why cells use cellular respiration http://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/comm/g5/Fire_Animation.gif

10. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN • Prevents energy release in 1 explosive step • Allows energy to be released slowly in steps and captured as ATP • Electron route: food → NADH → ETC → oxygen

11. DOUBLE MITOCHONDRIA = cell power plant Surrounded by ___________ membrane Outer membrane & Inner membrane (called _______________ ) Space between inner membrane & outer membrane = ____________________ Space inside cristae folds = _________________ CRISTAE INTERMEMBRANE SPACE MATRIX

12. HIGH ENERGY ELECTRON CARRIERS FAD → FADH2 NAD+ → NADH

13. The first step in cellular respiration = _______________ • happens in the ________________ outside the mitochondria • occurs _________________________ GLYCOLYSIS See glycolysis movie CYTOPLASM with or without oxygen

14. PREPARATORYPHASE(energy investment) Steps – A fuelmolecule is energized,using ATP. Glucose 1 3 • Details of glycolysis Step 1 Glucose-6-phosphate 2 Fructose-6-phosphate 3 Fructose-1,6-diphosphate Step A six-carbonintermediate splits into two three-carbon intermediates. 4 4 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) Arraugh! Like, this is way hard! ENERGY PAYOFF PHASE 5 Step A redoxreaction generatesNADH. 5 1,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid(2 molecules) 6 Steps – ATPand pyruvic acidare produced. 3-Phosphoglyceric acid(2 molecules) 6 9 7 2-Phosphoglyceric acid(2 molecules) 8 2-Phosphoenolpyruvate(2 molecules) 9 Pyruvic acid (2 moleculesper glucose molecule)

15. Glycolysis (GLYKOS = ________ LYSIS= ___________ ) Requires ____________to get it started. sweet Split apart ENERGY

16. SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION = using energy from breaking a chemical bond to add a P directly from a phosphorylated molecule to ADP without a proton gradient MITOCHONDRION

17. = ANAEROBIC PYRUVIC ACID MOVES TO NEXT STEP IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________) IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________) = AEROBIC

18. Cellular respiration • Kreb’s Cycle: • mitochondrial matrix; • pyruvate → CO2 • NADH made Electron Transport Chain: cristae; NADH & FADH2 donate electrons → oxygen • Glycolysis:cytosol; glucose → pyruvate

19. Pyruvate is transported into mitochondrion and Acetyl CoA produced For each pyruvate converted into acetyl CoA 1 molecule of CO2 is released; NAD+ ---> NADH; Coenzyme A (from B vitamin) Krebs Cycle Animation-

20. Kreb’s Cycle =Citric Acid Cycle Krebs Cycle Animation OAA CITRIC ACID

21. Kreb’s Cycle • Oxaloacetate (OAA) combines with 2 C’s from Acetyl CoA to make Citric acid • CoA recycles • 2 C atoms from pyruvate → exit as CO2 For each pyruvate that enters: 2 CO2 released 3 NAD+ reduced to 3 NADH; 1 FAD+ reduced to 1 FADH2 (riboflavin, B vitamin); 1 ATP molecule

22. Electron transport chain

23. Why don't both electron carriers make the same amount of ATP?

24. NADH FADH2 More on Making ATP • 3 places in the chain make ATP • Electrons from NADH start “higher” in the waterfall, so they generate more ATP than FADH2electrons, which start “lower” in the waterfall and miss one ATP-generating step.

25. Electron transport chain • ETC includes Cytochromes Ubiquinone (Q) • NADH & FADH2 pass electrons pass down ETC • Energy from moving electrons concentrates H+ ions in __________________ • ________________: harnesses the flow of H+ back into the matrix make ATP (oxidative phosphorylation) • ________ is final electron acceptor → ________ intermembrane space ATP synthase H2O Oxygen

26. Cellular Respiration Grand Total • Glycolysis:→2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) • Kreb’s Cycle:→ 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) • Electron transport & oxidative phosphorylation:2 NADH (glycolysis) → 6ATP 2 NADH (acetyl CoA) →6ATP 6 NADH (Kreb’s) → 18 ATP 2 FADH2 (Kreb’s) → 4 ATP 38 TOTAL ATP from 1 molecule of glucose (-2 ATP to transport 2 pyruvate into mitochondria) NET of 36 ATP

27. = ANAEROBIC WHAT IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN? IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________) IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________) = AEROBIC

28. Related metabolic processes Fermentation: • alcohol~ pyruvate →ethanol • lactic acid~ pyruvate → lactate

29. ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION _______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____ PYRUVIC ACID ALCOHOL CO2 NAD+ • Happens when yeast makes bread dough rise • CO2 bubbles make air spaces in bread • Alcohol evaporates during cooking http://www.deliciousdelicious.com/archives/herb%20bread%201.jpg

30. ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION _______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____ PYRUVIC ACID ALCOHOL CO2 NAD+ Used to makealcoholic beverages http://www.firstpath.com/images/alcohol.jpg

31. LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION _______ +_____ →______________ + ________ PYRUVIC ACID LACTIC ACID NAD+ Happens in muscles during exercise when body can’t get oxygen to tissues fast enough. Lactic acid builds up in muscles causing soreness http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg

32. LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION _______ +_____ →______________ + ________ PYRUVIC ACID LACTIC ACID NAD+ Happens when bacteria are used to make foods and beverages like yogurt, cheese, buttermilk, sauerkraut, kimchi http://chronicle.augusta.com/images/headlines/032200/DANNON_YOGURT.jpg http://www.reillydairy.com/natural_cheese.html

33. WHY DO FERMENTATION? WHY NOT JUST KEEP MAKING ATP USING GLYCOLYSIS? WITHOUT OXYGEN, PYRUVIC ACID ___________ and all the _______ carriers get full. Eventually glycolysis will builds up NAD+ NAD+

34. _______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____ PYRUVIC ACID CO2 NAD+ ALCOHOL → NAD+ LACTIC ACID ______ → You get the NAD+ carriers back FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells can ____________________ needed to keep glycolysis going REGENERATE the NAD+

35. FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES __________________________ = organisms that can make ATP usingeither fermentation or cellular respiration Ex: yeast and many bacteria With oxygen pyruvate → Krebs cycle Without oxygen → fermentation

36. __________________=breakdown of fatty acids into 2 carbon fragments that enter Krebs cycle as acetyl CoA 1 g of fat → twice as muchATP as 1 g of carbohydrate Organisms can use a variety of molecules for fuel Beta oxidation=

37. Evolutionary Significance • Most widespread metabolic pathway… suggests ancient prokaryotes probably used glycolysis to make ATP before oxygen was present • Earliest fossil bacteria present 3.5 billion years ago but large amounts of oxygen not present until 2.7 billion years ago • Glycolysis happens in cytoplasm without membrane bound organelles suggests it was found in early prokaryotic cellssince eukaryotes appeared 1 billion years after prokaryotes (Endosymbiotic theory)

38. VOCAB OVERLOAD ?

39. CHEMIOSMOSIS = Generation of ATP from a proton gradient. It occurs in all living things Chloroplasts do it to make ATP in light reactions Mitochondria do itto make ATP following ETC Prokaryotes creategradient across cellmembrane to make ATPto pump nutrients & waste and move flagella http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/atpsynthase_il.html

40. PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION = Using hydrogen gradient generated by thylakoid membrane during the light reactions of photosynthesis to make ATP CHLOROPLAST

41. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION = using proton gradient created by electron transport chain in cristae membrane to make ATP MITOCHONDRION

43. SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION = using energy from breaking a chemical bond to add a P directly from a phosphorylated molecule to ADP without a proton gradient MITOCHONDRION