Life Cycle Assessment 1706 241 course

1. Life Cycle Assessment 1706 241 course Introduction อ.ดร.จิตติมา ประสาระเอ jittima.p@msu.ac.th

2. Outline • Definitions of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) • History of LCA • LCA applications

3. Definitions • “a tool for the analysis of the environmental burden of products at all stages in their life cycle – from the extraction of resources, through the production of materials, product parts and the product itself, and the use of the product to the management after it is discarded, either by reuse, recycling or final disposal (in effect, therefore, ‘from the cradle to the grave’).” (Guinee 2002)

4. Definitions • “LCA addresses the environmental aspects and potential environmental impacts (e.g. resource use and environmental consequences of releases) throughout a product’s life cycle from raw material acquisition through production, use, end-of-life treatment and disposal (i.e. cradle-to-grave).” (Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) n.d.).

5. Definitions • compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle.”. (International Organization for Standardization 2006). • an environmental management tool used to see how a product or service produced from ‘cradle to grave’ (McDougall et al. 2001).

6. Definitions • กระบวนการวิเคราะห์และประเมินค่าผลกระทบของผลิตภัณฑ์ที่มีต่อสิ่งแวดล้อมตลอดช่วงชีวิตของผลิตภัณฑ์ ตั้งแต่การสกัดหรือการได้มาซึ่งวัตถุดิบ กระบวนการผลิต การขนส่งและการแจกจ่าย การใช้งานผลิตภัณฑ์ การใช้ใหม่/แปรรูป และการจัดการเศษซากของผลิตภัณฑ์หลังจากการใช้งาน ซึ่งอาจกล่าวได้ว่าพิจารณาผลิตภัณฑ์ตั้งแต่เกิดจนตาย (Cradle to Grave) โดยมีการระบุถึงปริมาณพลังงานและวัตถุดิบที่ใช้ รวมถึงของเสียที่ปล่อยออกสู่สิ่งแวดล้อม เพื่อที่จะหาวิธีการในการปรับปรุงผลิตภัณฑ์ให้เกิดผลกระทบต่อสิ่งแวดล้อมน้อยที่สุด (สถาบันสิ่งแวดล้อมไทย 2547)

7. Energy Analysis Greenhouse Assessment Life Cycle Assessment 1970 1990 1980 2000 LCA Development

8. Introduction to basic concept Following slides of Tim Grant and Scott McAlister for LCA course 2009, Centre for Design, RMIT University, Melbourne

9. BULK PACKING MATERIALPOPCORN or POLYSTYRENE

10. Product comparison • Polystyrene Advantages Disadvantages • Popcorn Disadvantages Advantages List advantages and disadvantages of both products

11. Product comparison • Straw pole on expected outcome popcorn as a replacement for polystyrene packaging • Worse equivalent 2x 10x 100x 1000 x better • What would you need to measure to determine which is better?

12. System boundary for popcorn

13. System boundary for polystyrene Styrene production Blowing agent Polymerisation with blowing EPS Refinery products

14. Emissions and extraction inventory Pop corn is: Worse equivalent 2x 10x 100x 1000 x better

15. Comparison of different impact approaches

16. Popcorn impact compared to polystyrene impacts

17. Conclusions - Pop corn - Polystyrène • Material function or service is essential • Key parameter from anenvironmental point of view : density, • with 500% potential improvement ! • “Natural” is different from“environmental friendly”

18. Economy / Technosphere Realm of human activity - consumption Interaction between the economy and environment

19. Human Health Ecosystem Health Social Equity Evaluating different impacts Respiratory diseases Extinction of species Reduced resource base Seawater level Dying forests cancer Ozone layer Nutriphication Acidification Carcinogen Ecotoxicity Fossil fuel Radiation Land-use Minerals Climate Smog Life cycle inventory of environmental flows – CO2 NOx Pb, land ect

20. Four step procedure for LCA Goal and scope definition Interpretation Inventory analysis Impact Assessment

21. ISO LCA standards • ISO 14040: Life cycle assessment- Principles and framework • ISO 14041: Life cycle assessment – Goal and scope definition an inventory • analysis • ISO 14042: Life cycle assessment – Life cycle impact assessment • ISO 14043: Life cycle assessment – Life cycle interpretation • ISO 14044: Life cycle assessment – Requirements and guidelines • ISO 14049: Life cycle assessment – Example of application of ISO 14041 to • goal and scope definition and inventory analysis

22. LCA applications Product development • improve the environmental performance of products at various points in their life cycle • environmental comparison between existing products and the newly developed products • ‘green’ procurement (part of a ‘green’ purchasing policy) - to compare the environmental profiles of different choices of material/product to purchase

23. provide the information required for assigning a ‘green’ label to products • eco-design (design of more environmentally friendly products)

24. Wider applications • compare the performances of the different approaches to waste management • prove to a government department that using one-way packaging causes less environmental burden that using re-usable packaging materials • compare the environmental benefits of different types of biomass to be used as a fuel in electricity production • compare the environmental profiles of different modes of freight transport (i.e. road, rail and water)

25. References • Centre for Design 2009, Professional education course: Life Cycle Assessment 2006, Cradle to grave environmental impact for informed design decisions, Centre for Design, Melbourne. • Guinee, JB (ed.) 2002, Handbook on life cycle assessment : operational guide to the ISO standards, vol. 7, Eco-Efficiency in Industry and Science, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. • International Organization for Standardization, Environmental management : life cycle assessment ; principles and framework = Management environnemental - analyse du cycle de vie - principes et cadre, 2 nd. edn, ISO 14040:2006, ISO, Geneva, Switzerland • Joillet, O & Norris, GA 2003, LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT: Distance Education Course, Harvard School of Public Health, viewed 2 June 2011, <http://www.sciencenetwork.com/lca/index.cfm>. • McDougall, F, White, P, Franke, M & Hindle, P 2001, 'Life cycle assessment', in Integrated Solid Waste Management: A life cycle inventory, 2 ndedn, Blackwell Science, Malden, pp. 85-102. • สถาบันสิ่งแวดล้อมไทย, 2547, คู่มือการจัดทำการประเมินวัฏจักรชีวิตของผลิตภัณฑ์, สถาบันสิ่งแวดล้อมไทย.