Middle Grades General Science 5-9 FTCE Test Prep Day 4

1. Middle Grades General Science 5-9 FTCE Test Prep Day 4

2. 53. Sexual Reproduction in Plants How it works: 1. Pollen is produced and an insect or the wind carries pollen grains from the anther of another flower. 2. The pollen grains land on the stigma and a pollen tube grows down through the style to the ovary. 3. The nucleus of the pollen grain passes down the tube. It fertilizes the egg cell inside the ovule. 4. The fertilized egg cell develops into an embryo. The ovary becomes the fruit and the ovule becomes a seed - from which (once dispersed) the offspring plant will grow.

3. 54. Digesting Proteins Stomach Acid, also called gastric acid, is one of the main secretions of the stomach. Chemically it is an acid solution consisting mainly of hydrochloric acid. Proteins are large organic compounds made of amino acids. Peptides are the family of short molecules formed from the linking of various amino acids. Note: Proteins are polypeptide molecules. The distinction is that peptides are short and proteins are long. Protein is broken down into peptides by hydrochloric acid in the stomach and then into amino acids by digestive enzymes in the small intestine that are used by the body.

4. 55. The Endocrine System

5. 56. Animal Behavior Instinctive behavior: inherited patterns of behavioral responses or reactions to certain kinds of stimuli (Ex. A spider spins a web.) Also called a Fixed Action Behavior. Learned behavior: insight learning is the ability to problem solve or to perform a correct or appropriate behavior the first time an animal is exposed to a situation (Ex. A chimpanzee stacks boxes to obtain a food object hung out of its reach.) Social behavior: behavior directed towards, or taking place between, members of the same species (Ex. Bottle-nose dolphins establish and maintain dominance by biting, chasing, jaw-clapping, and smacking their tails on the water.) Territorial behavior: anti-social tendencies in animals where territories are fixed and fiercely defended (Ex. Male Red-winged Blackbirds establish and defend territories with clearly delineated boundaries during the breeding season.)

6. 57. The Nitrogen Cycle The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the transformations of nitrogen and nitrogen-containing compounds in nature.

7. 58. Hydrogen Fuel Cells A fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device. A fuel cell converts the chemicals hydrogen and oxygen into water, and in the process it produces electricity. Chemistry of a Fuel Cell Anode side: 2H2 => 4H+ + 4e- Cathode side: O2 + 4H+ + 4e- => 2H2O Net reaction: 2H2 + O2 => 2H2O

8. 59. Biome Association Deciduous plant life: normally leafy plants that shed their foliage at the end of the growing season Karst topography: a three-dimensional landscape shaped by the dissolution of soluble layers of carbonate rock such as limestone or dolomite Shade-tolerant plant life: plants that thrive in the shade or only partial sun Wind erosion: the gradual wearing away and transportation of rock and soil by physical breakdown due to wind

9. 60. Natural Ponds Blue-green algae: a kind of bacteria (cyanobacteria) that obtain energy through photosynthesis; can grow in colonies or sheets in fresh water and produce bad odors Nitrogen-fixing bacteria: a kind of bacteria associated with plants that combine free nitrogen of the air with other gases Yeast: single-celled fungi that are normal inhabitants of soil, vegetation, marine and other wet environments Bracket fungi: a grouping of individual mushroom caps that lie in a close planar grouping

10. 61. Regulating Body Temperature Homeostasis is the ability of a system to regulate its internal environment to maintain a stable, constant condition, by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments, controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms. Increased perspiration and breathing rates help to cool the body and regulate temperature.

11. 62. Biological Diversity Ecological succession is the change in the types species of an ecological community observed over time. The biological diversity in a given area is affected by ecological succession. Seasonal fires can help control the growth of forest communities in grassland areas, such as the Everglades in Florida, maintaining the biodiversity of natural ecosystems.

12. 63. Living Subjects The 2009 Florida Statutes / Title XLVIII K-20 EDUCATION CODE / Chapter 1003 PUBLIC K-12 EDUCATION 1003.47  Biological experiments on living subjects states… “Nonmammalian vertebrates, excluding birds, may be used in biological experiments, provided that physiological harm does not result from such experiments.”

13. 64. Materials Management Have a plan for managing time and materials in your classroom!

14. 65. Meters Agalvanometer is a meter used for measuring electric current. Amultimeter is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several functions in one unit. The most basic include an ammeter, voltmeter, and ohmmeter. Anodometer is a meter designed to measure distance traveled. Anohmmeter is a meter designed to measure electric resistance in ohms.

15. 66. Eye Protection The 2009 Florida Statutes / Title XLVIII K-20 EDUCATION CODE / Chapter 1006 SUPPORT FOR LEARNING 1006.063  Eye-protective devices required in certain laboratory courses… “Eye-protective devices shall be worn by students, teachers, and visitors in courses including, but not limited to, chemistry, physics, or chemical-physical laboratories, at any time at which the individual is engaged in or observing an activity or the use of hazardous substances likely to cause injury to the eyes.”

16. 67. Calculating Density Density tells us how much matter fills a unit of volume for a given substance. Density = Mass ÷ Volume To find density of a given object you need to know the object’s mass and the object’s volume. Mass can be measured on a scale or balance. Volume can be measured by water displacement in a beaker, graduated cylinder, or other volume instrument.

17. 68. Scientific Processes Collecting Data: collecting pieces of information for future organization and interpretation Organizing Data: after collecting pieces of information, data may be organized into graphs, charts, etc. for interpretation Forming Hypotheses: the formation of a suggested explanation of a scientific phenomenon or reasoned proposal suggesting a possible correlation between phenomena Controlling Variables: making sure factors that may influence the results of an experiment remain constant

18. 69. Variables Independent Variable: the variable which is manipulated or selected by the experimenter to determine its relationship to an observed phenomenon Dependent Variable: the observed phenomenon The experimenter should limit the number of variables being tested to one kind of material. Different detergents may not yield the same results on different materials!

19. 70. Shocking Scientists Alessandro Volta: an Italian physicist known especially for the development of the electric battery in 1800 James Watt: a Scottish instrument maker whose improvements on the steam engine helped advance the Industrial Revolution Georg Ohm: developed the law for the proportionality of current and voltage in a resistor --> I = V ÷ R (current = voltage ÷ resistance) Andre-Marie Ampere: a French physicist who is generally credited as one of the main discoverers of electromagnetism

20. 71. Reactants and Products The reaction between calcium carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid: 2HCl + calcium carbonate --> calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water 2HCl(aq)    +     CaCO3(s)  -->     CaCl2(aq)     +    CO2(g)    +   H2O The rate of this reaction can be measured by following the rate at which carbon dioxide is formed. This can be done by conducting the reaction in an open flask on an electric balance (weighing machine). As the carbon dioxide escapes to the air, the mass of the flask will decrease.

21. 72. Science as Inquiry Structured Inquiry: The teacher gives students a problem to investigate along with the method and materials, but not expected outcomes. Students must decide which data to collect and interpret to discover scientific relationships. Guided Inquiry: The teacher gives students a problem to investigate along with the materials, but not the method or expected outcomes. Students must design the experiment and figure out which data to collect and interpret to discover scientific relationships. Open Inquiry: The students figure out everything. They determine questions for investigation, procedures to follow, collect and interpret data to discover scientific relationships. Verification Activity: The students are given everything. Often called a “cookbook” activity because students know the steps and the suspected outcome before starting the experience.