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Chapter 7: Memory

Chapter 7: Memory. Three Kinds of Memory Three Processes of Memory Three Stages of Memory Forgetting and Memory Improvement. Bell Work: Chapter 7 Section 1. Get books/folders 1 st Ten Minutes Read All of Pg. 153

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Chapter 7: Memory

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  1. Chapter 7: Memory Three Kinds of Memory Three Processes of Memory Three Stages of Memory Forgetting and Memory Improvement

  2. Bell Work: Chapter 7 Section 1 • Get books/folders • 1st Ten Minutes • Read All of Pg. 153 • Think of some general knowledge, experiences, and skills you hold in your memory • List some skills you have, something you remember learning from Grade school, and some huge event you remember! • We will create a class list and categorize them later • Task #1: Write down the sentences: The sentences not answers • Write down all the T/F on pg. 154 with a space underneath each statement to be fixed later on

  3. Task #2: Quiet 10 Minutes • In your Journal Write down the overall Question of Section 1 • Then apply your PQ4R skills of Previewing and asking questions about your reading of Section 1 • Hint: There should be 5 Questions...... • The 1st should be What is Memory • The 2nd should be What are the three kinds of memory • You should be able to figure out the 3 other questions as well as answers by applying the 4 R’s (Read, Reflect, Recite, Review)

  4. What is Memory • Memory is the process by which we recollect prior experiences and information and skills leaned in the past • There a 3 KINDS OF MEMORY • Episodic Memory • Generic Memory • Procedural Memory

  5. What is episodic memory • Episodic Memory is the memory of a specific event. • Event that took place in the person’s presence, or the person experienced the event • Flashbulb Memory • Recalling events in great detail • Some episodic memories are so intense that its as if we photographed many of the details • Knowing exactly where you were when 9/11 happen is an example of this

  6. What is Generic Memory? • Generic Memory is the general knowledge that people remember • Not really focused on when info was acquired • Examples • Who freed the slaves? • Who is the president of the U.S? • Name the capital of Nebraska

  7. What is Procedural Memory? Procedural Memory consists of skills, or procedures, you have learned • Examples: Riding a bike, Throwing a ball, Classroom rules/procedures

  8. Lesson Closing • Task #3 • Create a 3 column chart with titles Episodic, Generic, and Procedural Memory • Place the definition, a fact, and 2 examples for each • Task #4 • Complete Thinking bout Psychology; pg. 155

  9. Bell Work • Get Books/Folders • Task #1: Answer the 1st True/False • Turn to Task #4 • Go over Answers to Thinking bout Psych

  10. Activity • Look at these Letters for 30 Sec. • Try and memorize them using any means necessary other than writing them down OTTFFSSENT

  11. Task #5: PQ4R Section 2 • Only Form the Questions as you will look back to use this for review • Question 1: What are the 3 Processes of Memory? • Question 2: What is encoding? What makes it up? • Question 3: ?? • Question 4: ?? • Leave a line under each to possibly answer them!

  12. What are the 3 Processes of Memory? • Encoding • Storage • Retrieval • What makes up each?

  13. What are the 3 Processes of Memory? • What is Encoding • Translation of information into a form it can be stored • Changing physical stimulation received into psychological formats via Codes. Visual Codes Acoustic Codes Semantic Codes

  14. What are the 3 Processes of Memory? • What is Storage? • 2nd Process of memory • Maintenance of encoded information over a period of time • Maintenance Rehearsal • Elaborative Rehearsal • Org. Systems • Filing Errors

  15. What are the 3 Processes of Memory? • What is Retrieval? • Locating stored information and returning it to conscious thought • Context-Dependent • State-Dependent • Tip-o-Tongue

  16. Lesson Closing • Get w/ 9 o’clock partners • Designate one partner the “Memory” and the other person the “Information” • Information person will have information that will need to be given in 2 of the 3 types of codes (semantic, acoustic, visual) • Memory will then be presented with the information a couple of times and then have to recall them in front of the class

  17. 1 Visual/Acoustic/Semantic Codes • Visual • Attempts to keep a mental picture as the memory • Acoustic • Repeating information many times • Attempting to record information as a sequence of sounds • Semantic • Trying to figure out what the information might mean • Attempting to represent the information in terms of its meaning? Can you Remember the Letters from before?

  18. 2 Storage • Maintenance Rehearsal • Repeating information over and over again to keep from forgetting it • Think Practice, rehearsal, review work, etc • Elaborative Rehearsal • Making it meaningful by relating it to information already well known • Using vocab. Words in sentences, L-J vocab is an example of this • Org. Systems • Organizing information into classes/groups as our knowledge expands and grows • Filing Errors • We often mislabel when storing our information much like that of losing things like papers, CDs, computer files (forgot where saved!)

  19. 3 Retrieval • Context • Memories that come back to you in that place • Memory is b/c of the situation in which the person 1st had the experience • Think of Sayings/Rituals you may do in sports/activities • May only be recalled later in life by re-visitation • State • Memories retrieved b/c the mood in which they were originally encoded is recreated • Happy feelings = Happy memories : Sad = Sad • Tip-o-tongue • Read Tip of Tongue pg. 160; often use semantic/acoustic codes

  20. Bell Work • Task #6 • Thinking about Psychology (pg. 160) • Go back and answer the 2nd T/F of Task #1 (pg.157) • Task #7 • PQ4R Section 3: • Question 1: What are the three stages of memory? • Question 2: What is Sensory Memory? What makes it up? • Question 3: ? • Question 4: ?

  21. Memory!!!?!?!?!?!?? Look at figure 7.1 on pg. 154; right down the words from it on the top of your notes, do not draw them! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KuvF113uty4

  22. What are the 3 Stages of Memory? Sensory Short Term Long Term

  23. Stages of Memory: Copy this down!

  24. What are the 3 Stages of Memory? • What is Sensory Memory? • 1st Stage of Memory • Immediate, initial recording of information through our senses • Mental pictures we take from visual stimuli are called Icons Iconic Memory Eidetic Memory Echoic Memory

  25. What are the 3 Stages of Memory? • What is Short Term Memory? • Also called Working Memory • Whenever you are thinking of something, met a new person, acquire new knowledge you attempt to remember it is here Primacy/Recency Chunking Interference

  26. What are the 3 Stages of Memory? • What is Long Term Memory • 3rd/Final Stage • Taking certain steps to store it there • Repetition is key!! • Maintenance and Elaborative • Capacity of Memory • Memory as Reconstructive • Schemas

  27. Lesson Closing • Revisit Task #1 • Answer T/F #3 from pg. 161 • Task #8 • Pg.165: Read/Answer Psychology in the World Today • HW for tomorrow (Worksheet) • Completion Grade on everything but Ways to Improve and Forgetting

  28. Iconic/Eidetic/Echoic Memory 1 • Iconic Memory • Like Snapshots, just a fraction of a second • Eidetic Memory • Ability to remember visual stimuli over long periods of time • Think “Photographic Memory” • Echoic Memory • Mental traces of sounds • Held longer, and easier to remember than visual codes • Saying things aloud or to yourself makes them easier

  29. Primacy/Recency/Chunking/Interf. 2 • Primacy Effect • Tendency to recall initial items in a series of items • Remembering the 1st things • Recency Effect • Tendency to recall last items in a series • Chunking • Organization of items into manageable or familiar unit. • Think of OTTFFSSENT easier to remember as • O TT FF SS ENT; here its 5 chunks before 10 letters • Interference • Occurs when new information appears in short-term memory and takes place of what was already there

  30. Capacity/Reconstructive/Schemas 3 • Capacity of Memory • Can hold the equivalent of vast numbers of videos/films of our lifetime of experience; more likely to remember things that make an impact on us and are paying close attention to • Memory as Reconstructive • Memories are not recorded and played back just like Videos but instead RECONSTRUCTED according to the personal and individual ways we view the world • Schemas • Mental representations that we form the world by organizing bits of information into knowledge are called schemas

  31. Bell Work • Turn in Movie Projects right away!! • Task #9 • Complete Thinking about Psychology (pg. 166) • Go over answers to Task #6 • Completion Check of HW from yesterday

  32. Task #10 • PQ4R • Section 4 • Question 1: What is Forgetting and Memory Improvement • Question 2: ? • Question 3: ? • Question 4: ? • Question 5: ? • Question 6: ?

  33. What is forgetting and Memory Imp.? • Forgetting can occur at any of the three stages of memory • Sensory • Short-term • Long-term • Sensory can be forgotten almost immediately • Short term could after 10-12 seconds unless you find a way to transfer it to long term (Think Dan and phone #) • Long term memory forgetting often occurs b/c memory is recalled incorrectly or is mixed up w/ new information

  34. 3 Basic Tasks: Recognition, Recall, and Relearning • Recognition (Read 1st paragraph pg. 168) • Identifying objects or events that have been encountered before • What are the easiest types of tests? • Forgetting defined as failure to recognize something encountered • Recall • To Bring it back in to mind, trying to reconstruct it in your mind • Forgetting much easier, if in short term memory forgetting gradually decreases w/time but still decreases • Re-Learning • Not remembering things once learned, but relearning can often be rapid • Think Math problems/formula’s

  35. Different Kinds of Forgetting • Forgetting often attributed to interference or decay • Decay • Fading away of memory • Similar to a burning out candle

  36. Extreme forms of Memory Loss • Repression • Memories that may be so painful or unpleasant that they are forgotten to “help” protect us from anxiety • Amnesia • Severe memory loss caused by brain injury, shock, fatigue, etc. • Infantile: Memory loss before age 3 • Anterograde: Memory loss from trauma that prevents forming new memories • Retrograde: Memory loss leading up to a traumatic event: Concussions=exmample

  37. Improving Memory • MEMORY CAN BE IMPROVED • Drill and Practice: Transfer from SM to STM to LTM • Relate to knowledge (Elaborative) • Form unusual Associations • Read aloud Section • Construct Links bt items • Mnemonic Devices • Systems for remembering information • Chunking, acronyms, jingles

  38. Lesson Closing • Quietly read through review on pg. 174 • Believe me this will greatly help your comprehension • As you do this be looking at Tasks (2,5,7, and 10) • Complete Review (Due Monday in class) • Terms/Concepts 1-10 • Critical Review 1-6 • TEST TUESDAY!! REVIEW MONDAY

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