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Notes Chapters 31 & 32

Notes Chapters 31 & 32. April 8-12, 2013. Causes of the Great Depression. Industry producing more than they were selling (overproduction) Leads to reduced production, which leads to layoffs, which hurts demand Wealth unevenly distributed (top 5% of people gained 33% of the wealth)

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Notes Chapters 31 & 32

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  1. NotesChapters 31 & 32 April 8-12, 2013

  2. Causes of the Great Depression • Industry producing more than they were selling (overproduction) • Leads to reduced production, which leads to layoffs, which hurts demand • Wealth unevenly distributed (top 5% of people gained 33% of the wealth) • Buying stocks “on margin” (on credit), without the ability to pay back the loan

  3. Causes of the Great Depression • Stock market prices hit “unnaturally high” prices in late September, 1929. • People begin to sell off, fearing a drop in prices • Turns into a panic, and on Tuesday, October 29, a record 16 million stocks are sold and the market collapses

  4. The Rise of Fascism in Europe Mussolini, Hitler, and the turbulent 1930s

  5. Background • Harshness of the Versailles Treaty (especially for Germany) • Great Depression: mass unemployment and inflation. • Democracy is new, especially in Germany under the so-called “Weimar Republic” • People start turning to political extremes

  6. What is Fascism? • New, militant political movement that emphasized loyalty to the government and obedience to the Leader • Incorporated Nationalism • Incorporated Militarism • Right-wing, opposite of communism

  7. Birth of Fascism in ITALY • Benito Mussolini – newspaper editor. Promised to revive economy and armed forces • Established the Fascist Party in 1919 • Blackshirts: supporters of Mussolini. Attacked opposition political groups (Communists, Socialists) • March on Rome: October 1922. 30,000 Blackshirts • King appoints Mussolini as Il Duce (leader)

  8. German Fascism: NAZISM • Adolf Hitler: WWI veteran. Joins the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazis) in 1919 • Hitler quickly takes over party, known as der Führer (the Leader) • Attempts to overthrow the Weimar Republic in 1923. Fails, spends nearly two years in prison. • Writes “Mein Kampf” (My Struggle) • Germans are the Master Race (Aryans) • Non-Aryans (Jews, Gypsies, Slavs) are inferior • Germany needed more space (Lebensraum)…needed to take it from Eastern Europe and Russia

  9. German Fascism: NAZISM • The Nazis remain a minor party until the Great Depression • After the 1932 elections, the Nazis are the largest party in the German Parliament. • Hitler appointed Chancellor in January 1933 • Reichstag Fire and the Enabling Act • Hitler begins to turn Germany into a totalitarian state.

  10. The Holocaust Persecution and Mass Murder in Nazi Germany

  11. Background • Hitler and the Nazis believe that Jews and other groups are inferior because they are “non-Aryan” • European anti-Semitism • The Nazis blame Germany’s defeat, the Treaty of Versailles, and the economic problems on the Jews • Hitler takes power in Germany in January 1933

  12. Early Persecution • Nuremburg Laws, 1935. Jews are no longer German citizens, Jews cannot marry non-Jews, Jews cannot do certain jobs • Kristallnacht, November 9, 1938 • Nazis try to deport the Jews, but no other country wanted to take them. • Isolation: Jews are rounded up and sent to “ghettos”, walled off sections of cities where they were forced to live

  13. The Final Solution • Hitler orders the SS (security force) to round up Jews and other “inferior groups” into concentration camps • Concentration camps were Work Camps, used the Jews slave labor • SS go into some areas and kill the Jews • “The Final Solution”, 1942: Hitler approves mass extermination.

  14. The Final Solution • Will use vital materials and manpower to carry out mass murder, hurts Germany’s war effort • Concentration camps converted into Extermination Camps • Built gas chambers disguised as showers • Built “crematoriums” (ovens) to burn the bodies • Dachau, Auschwitz, Treblinka • Victims: • 6 million Jews murdered by the Nazis • 9-10 million other groups (Gypsies, Slavs, Mentally Handicapped) also killed

  15. Japanese Internment Camps

  16. Background • By 1941: 127,000 Japanese Living in the United States, nearly 90% in California • Led to high anti-Japanese sentiment. • Japanese immigration barred in the 1920s • Laws segregated Japanese in some cities

  17. Pearl Harbor and Response • Japan attacks Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 • Racist attitude towards Japanese Americans increase • Roosevelt Issues Executive Order 9066 – Feb 1942 • Secretary of War can create “military zones from which any or all persons may be excluded” • Creates “Military Area No. 1”: Pacific Coast to 100 miles inland.

  18. Internment • Starting in March “Civilian Exclusion Orders” are issued restricting rights of Japanese in Military Area No. 1 • May 3, 1942 - Civilian Exclusion Order 33: • All persons of Japanese ancestry to be relocated from Military Area No. 1

  19. Internment • Given a week or less to “evacuate” • Moved first to Civilian Assembly Centers in California, then to Relocation Camps outside Military Area No. 1 • Camps were built quickly, poorly heated, minimum rations, guarded by military sentries and barbed wire fences • Held until January 1945. Given $25 and a train ticket home.

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