Chapter 2

1. Chapter 2 Cold Sauces and Cold Soups

2. Chapter Objectives • Understand and identify cold emulsion sauces • Recognize basic vinaigrette preparation • Prepare and repair mayonnaise sauces • Identify dairy-based sauces, salsas, coulis and purées, and miscellaneous sauces • Explain the preparation of coating sauces including the use of gelatin • Describe a variety of cold soups such as vegetable and fruit soups, cream-style soups, and clear cold soups

3. Cold Sauces • In the kitchen, the chef’s sauce repertoire includes: • Cold emulsion sauces: vinaigrettes and mayonnaise • Dairy-based sauces • Salsas • Coulis and purées • Coating sauces • Miscellaneous cold sauces such as horseradish and mignonette

4. Cold Emulsion Sauces • An emulsion is made by combining two ingredients that would not otherwise blend into a homogeneous mixture • An emulsion has two phases: 1. Dispersed phase: an oil that is broken into very small droplets. 2. Continuous phase: oil droplets are suspended in the vinegar.

5. Temporary Emulsions • Form quickly • Require mechanical action of whipping, shaking, or stirring • Example: vinaigrettes

6. Emulsifiers • Needed to keep the oil in suspension and make the emulsion stable • Examples of emulsifiers: • Egg yolks • Mustard • Glace de viande • Starches • Corn starch and arrowroot

7. Basic Vinaigrettes • Basic ratio: 3 parts oil to 1 part acid • Temporary emulsion made by the measured ingredients until they form a homogenous sauce • Remains an emulsion for a short time and separates back into oil and vinegar • Best way to check for flavor and balance: dip a piece of lettuce into it, shake off the excess, and evaluate the taste of the sauce on the lettuce

8. Emulsified Vinaigrettes • Ratio of oil and vinegar (3 to 1) • Steps for making an emulsified vinaigrette: 1. Combine the vinegar and all seasoning ingredients. Add the emulsifier. 2. Add the oil gradually, whisking constantly, a little at a time until an emulsion is formed then whisk oil in at a steady stream. 3. Add any garnishes and check for seasoning.

9. Reduced-Fat Vinaigrettes • Replace up to two-thirds of oil with a lightly thickened stock or juice • Purées of fruits and vegetables can also be used in place of part of the vinaigrette’s oil • Same steps for combining and readjusting seasoning used as for other vinaigrettes

10. Mayonnaise • Preparation: 1. Select and prepare ingredients: 6 to 8 ounces oil for each egg yolk (usually pasteurized yolks). 2. Blend the yolks with a bit of water. You may want to add an acid or mustard at this point. 3. Add the oil a little at a time, whisking in the oil completely. Once one-fourth to one-third of the oil has been blended in correctly, you may start to increase the amount you add. 4. Adjust the thickness and flavor of the sauce. 5. Add any additional flavoring or garnish ingredients.

11. When Mayonnaise Breaks • Reasons: • Oil added too rapidly • Sauce was allowed to become too thick • Sauce became too cold as it was being prepared • Sauce became too warm as it was being prepared

12. Fixing a Broken Mayonnaise 1. Beat a pasteurized egg yolk until foamy. 2. Gradually incorporate the broken mayonnaise, whisking constantly. The mayonnaise should combine into a homogenous sauce. Taste and season before serving.

13. Dairy-Based Sauces • Used as salad dressing or dips • Made from soft cheeses or cultured milks • Generally white or ivory • Can be prepared in a range of textures from stiff to pourable • Typical additions include cheeses, fresh lemon, black pepper, and minced or chopped herbs, vegetables, capers, pickles, or olives

14. Salsas • Typically made from uncooked fruits or vegetables • Often include an acid • Spices, chilies, and herbs sometimes added • Chutneys, relishes, and compotes have a similar preparation method

15. Coulis and Purées • Coulis are made by puréeing raw or cooked fruits or vegetables to a sauce-like consistency • The terms coulis and purée can be used interchangeably • Textures range from very light and smooth to coarse • May be served “as is” or adjusted with additional ingredients

16. Coating Sauces: Chaud-Froid and Aspic Gelée • Term “chaud-froid” means “hot and cold” • Chaud-froids are made by adding gelatin to a warm sauce like demi-glace, béchamel, or velouté • It is warmed over a hot water bath and then cooled over an ice water bath as the gelatin thickens and the sauce clings to the sides of the bowl • A quick substitute is mayonnaise-colleé

17. Coating Sauces: Chaud-Froid and Aspic Gelée • Clear coating sauce • Made by clarifying stocks, juices, or essences and adding enough gelatin to achieve desired strength • After making the aspic gelée, temper it over an ice water bath until it thickens • It can now be used for coating

18. Ratios for Aspic Gelée

19. Preparing Gelatin 1. Weigh the gelatin carefully. 2. Add the gelatin to a cool liquid. 3. Bloom the gelatin. 4. Melt the gelatin enough to dissolve the granules. 5. Test the gelatin strength.

20. Miscellaneous Sauces • Include: • Cumberland • Mint • Cocktail • Oxford • Horseradish • Dipping sauces (for satay or tempura)

21. Cold Soups • Served as: • First course • Appetizer • Hors d’oeuvre • Dessert • Taste it at the correct service temperature

22. Cold Soups • Fruit and Vegetable Soups: made by chopping or puréeing fruits and vegetable finely enough to form a soup-like consistency • Cream Soups: made from a thickened base such as béchamel, velouté, or a potato purée • Clear Soups: made by clarifying and fortifying a rich broth that can be thickened with gelatin