1 / 40

HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption

HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption. A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?. Chrysler PULSE Smart Car Hybrid Vehicle. Chlorine Destroys Ozone but is not consumed in the process. Crutzen. Molina. Rowland. Paul Crutzen. Holland (The Netherlands) Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry

ros
Download Presentation

HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. HOMEWORK PROBLEM Fuel Consumption

  2. A HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN OUR FUTURE?

  3. Chrysler PULSESmart Car Hybrid Vehicle

  4. Chlorine Destroys Ozone but is not consumed in the process

  5. Crutzen Molina Rowland

  6. Paul Crutzen Holland (The Netherlands) Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry Mainz, Germany 1933 -

  7. Mario Molina USA (Mexico) Earth/Atmospheric/Planetary Sciences and Chemistry MIT 1943 -

  8. Sherwood Rowland USA Chemistry University of California at Irvine 1927 -

  9. …. it is possible to explain nearly all of the bulk properties of gases, liquids, and solids …. it is possible to explain the colligative properties of solutions. By assuming the existence of attractive and repulsive forces... By assuming the existence of thermal energy... Three States of Matter

  10. Ideal (Perfect) Gases Obey Boyle’s Law for which PV = k

  11. Ideal (Perfect) Gases Obey Boyle’s Law for which PV = k • HOWEVER, if you… • Increase P • Increase n in a given V • Lower the K.E. (T) THEN gas particles can COALESE BUT before condensation occurs, PV=nRT deviates from ideal behavior

  12. Real (van der Waals) gases deviate from ideal behavior PV = nRT PV = nRT (P + n2a/V2)(V - nb) = n RT Gases at 25°C N2 at different T

  13. Critical Properties of CO2

  14. Condensable Gases Tc Pc NH3 132 112 Cl2 144 76 H2O 374 218 Permanent Gases Tc Pc O2 -118 50 N2 -147 33.5 H2 -239 12.8 He -267 2.3 Critical Conditions

  15. SIGNIFICANCE OF TC

  16. SIGNIFICANCE OF TC EVALUATE THERMAL vs POTENTIAL ENERGY Thermal energy Potential Energy

  17. CHEMICAL BONDS Ionic and Covalent Bonds (102) Salt (NaCl) and water (H2O) H-bonding Forces (100) Liquids and solutions Van der Waals Forces (10-2) Instantaneous and permanent dipolar forces

  18. Gases Study is simplified by the facts that atoms and molecules are… far apart. randomly arranged. weakly interacting. Solids Study is simplified by the facts that atoms and molecules are… close together. regularly arranged. strongly interacting. The Liquid State

  19. Gaseous state model for liquids: Liquids as dense gases are characterized by... DISORDER fluidity taking the shape of their container low density Solid state model for liquids: Liquids as disordered solids characterized by…. ORDER strong inter-atomic/molecular interactions definite volumes high density The Liquid State

  20. The Liquid State

  21. Trajectories for Atoms at Lattice Points in Solids

  22. The Liquid State

  23. Phase Diagram for CO2

  24. Phase Diagram for H2O

  25. Vapor pressure Surface tension Viscosity Adhesive/cohesive forces Capillary action Density Compressibility Diffusion Evaporation The Liquid State

  26. Density of Ice and Water

  27. Compressibility

  28. Surface Tension

  29. Equilibrium Vapor Pressure

  30. Vapor Pressure Curves

  31. Trouton’s Rule An interesting and useful “approximation: • Says that the ratio of the heat of vaporization and the boiling point is (roughly) constant DHvap/Tb.p. ~ 88 J/mol • Boiling point of cyclohexane is 69°C. Therefore, DHvap = (69 + 273)(88) ~ 30 kJ/mol which is within 2-3% of the experimental value • Works well for unassociated liquids and gives useful information about degree of association.

  32. Trouton’s Rule Unassociated (ideal) liquids, DHvap/Tb.p. ~ 88 J/mol carbon tetrachloride benzene cyclohexane Associated liquids, DHvap/Tb.p. > 88 J/mol water (110) methanol (112) ammonia (97) Association in the vapor state, DHvap/Tb.p. < 88 J/mol acetic acid (62) hydrogen fluoride (26)

More Related