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Tobacco and China A Complex Challenge . By Ayda A. Yurekli, Ph.D World Bank, Washington DC Ministerial Level Economics of Tobacco Control Seminar, Beijing, China November 2000. Why should governments intervene? Large and growing number of deaths from smoking.
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Tobacco and China A Complex Challenge By Ayda A. Yurekli, Ph.D World Bank, Washington DC Ministerial Level Economics of Tobacco Control Seminar, Beijing, China November 2000
Why should governments intervene?Large and growing number of deaths from smoking World: Annual Tobacco deaths (in millions) 2000 2030 Developed 2 ~3 Developing ~2 ~7 World Total 4 ~10 • 1 in 2 of long-term smokers killed by their addiction • 1/2 of deaths in middle age (35-69) Source: Peto, Lopez, and others 1997; WDR 1993
With current smoking patterns, tobacco will eventually cause more than 2 million deaths each year in China
Higher the Income, Lower the Prevalence Rate, but not for Women in China
Smoking is more prevalent among less educated and China is no exception
As the Chinese Government Increases Prices, Revenues Increases
Tobacco tax revenue is the single largest tax revenue in China
Tobacco is a major source of tax revenue for provincial and local governments
Tobacco tax revenue is not a significant source of government revenue in most countries
Smuggling Each year at least 100 billion cigarettes enter China illegally and 1.4 billion cigarettes are legally imported. Demand for foreign cigarettes is quite large. Illegal production of domestic cigarettes is a growing problem. Anti-Smuggling Campaign started to crackdown on corruption
Smuggling ConcernsSmuggling causes revenue loss to governments: In China, it is estimated that 15 billion yuan (US$ 1.8 billion) is lost per year and this is growing.Smuggled cigarettes sell at a lower price, making cigarettes more affordable and therefore increasing consumptionSmuggling activities provide more opportunities for organized crime networks and may increase the general level of corruption in the countryOne of the most frightening outcomes of smuggling is the likelihood that children will find it easier than ever to purchase tobacco products,
Sweden decreased cigarette taxes (27%) due to fear of smuggling in 1998
Tobacco smuggling tends to rise in line with the degree of corruptionSmuggling as a function of transparency index
Chines government’s anti-smuggling campaign has had a substantial impact on illegal imports
Types of Tobacco Taxes Excises Specific - based on quantity Ad-Valorem-based on value VAT Customs Duty
Administration of Tobacco Taxation and Revenues • Administration: • a. Compliance • b. Registration and licensing • c. Timing of tax liability and tax payment • d. Bonding • e. Physical controls • f. Use of stamps • g. Refunds and credits • h. Floor stocks tax
Earmarking tobacco tax revenues • Justification of earmarking tax revenues • 1. Earmarked tobacco taxes could be used to fund health promotion and disease prevention. • 2. Earmarked tobacco taxes promote vertical equity. • 3. Earmarking Revenues for Tobacco Farmers: • 4. Earmarking revenues for other anti-tobacco activities: