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Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APLS) Part 1. CPD Presentation Haroon Amini 22/09/2010. What is APS or Hughes Syndrome?. APS also known as “stickyblood” is a systemic autoimmune disease in which the body makes antibodies against its phospholipids. APS characterized by thrombophylic state
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Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APLS) Part 1 CPD Presentation HaroonAmini 22/09/2010
What is APS or Hughes Syndrome? • APS also known as “stickyblood” is a systemic autoimmune disease in which the body makes antibodies against its phospholipids. • APS characterized by thrombophylic state And obstetrical complications. • Primary APS is not associated with other diseases. • Secondary APS occurs in association with a disease i.e. SLE
APSAs cause blood clots in arteries and veins. Arterial thrombosis resulting in ischemia and necrosis of the foot
History • Early 1900, false positive test for syphilis. • 1950, the APS was first considered as a complication of the disease ‘lupus’. • 1950-1960, has something to do with clotting, pregnancy loss. • The APS was discovered in 1983 by Professor Graham Hughes and his team at St Thomas’s Hospital in London.
History • Professor Hughes realised APS could affect patients who were not suffering from Lupus. • International colleagues re-named the syndrome as ‘Hughes Syndrome’ to honour Professor Hughes. • 1990, discovery of B2-Glycoprotein 1
Frequency • The exact frequency of APS in the general population is unknown • 1-5% of the general population is believed to have APS. • It mostly affects females from puberty to 55 years old
10-25% of women with recurrent miscarriage have APS. • 30% of strokes occurring in younger (under 55 years old) people are due to APS. • aPL antibodies are found in approximately 30-40% of patients with SLE, but only about 10% have APS
Pathophysiology • APS is a systemic autoimmune disease in which APLA reacts against protein that binds on anionic phospholipids on cell membrane, in particular cardiolipin and β2-glycoprotein I. • aCLA react with the vascular endothelial structure of blood vessels. This disturbs the balance of Prostoglandin E2- Thromboxane production.
Pathophysiology • aCLA binds ApoH, which in turn inhibits the function of Protein C over the Common Pathway of coagulation. • In APS some ABs bind to Protein S which is a co-factor for Protein C. • aCLA bind to platelet phospholipids, which increases the platelet aggregation. • In primary APS, the presence of 3 isotopes aCL and LAC is believed to be associated with consecutive miscarriages.
http://www.uspharmacist.com/content/c/10167/?t=women's_health,thrombosishttp://www.uspharmacist.com/content/c/10167/?t=women's_health,thrombosis
Etiology and research • The etiology of APS remains unknown. • The mechanism of excessive production of APLA and immune complex formation is not well understood. • But some studies have shown evidence of the development of clinical manifestation of APS i.e. Foetal loss, thrombocytopenia and neurological changes. • Deregulation of Complement system
Clinical symptoms • DVT in lower leg • Stroke • Recurrent miscarriage can occur prior to 20 weeks gestation • Placental infarction, early deliveries and still birth can occur in women with APS • Thrombocytopenia, dementia, headache
Diagnosis • Diagnosis requires clinical and laboratory findings with the clinical criteria being the primary method of diagnosis. • Laboratory finding includes; solid phase “ELISA assay” and Liquid phase coagulation assays “Lupus Anticoagulant”
Laboratory finding • Normal ACL result: IgG is below 23 ug/mL, while normal IgM and IgA is below 11 ug/mL.
Treatment • The disease can be treated by Aspirin and Warfarin as anticoagulant. • In pregnancy low molecular weight heparin and low dose of aspirin can be used.