The Wonderful World of APA

1. The Wonderful World of APA An Introduction to the American Psychological Association’s Style of Citation Adapted from Medicine Hat College Library Services

2. Why use APA? • It will help you to: • Organize your ideas. • Communicate more effectively with your audience. • Develop consistent documentation/writing style. • Avoid issues regarding plagiarism.

3. Plagiarism • What is it? • It is intellectual theft – the conveyance of another person’s ideas or words as your own. • Includes: art, lyrics, music, photography, programming, research material (graphics and statistics) • Consequences? • Failure of assignment or class. • Removal from program or institution. • How can I avoid it? • Take accurate and complete notes. • Cite all borrowed information. • Use quotation marks around borrowed phrases and words. • What is Plagiarism?

4. Basic Rules (Pt. 1) • Use standard 8.5 x 11 inch good quality white paper. • Font Style: 12-pt Times Roman • Double space throughout the paper. • Use a 1 in. (2.54 cm) margins on all sides of each page. • Left justify your margins • Indent the first line of every paragraph five– seven spaces (½ in. [standard <Tab> key]). • 2 spaces following the conclusion of a sentence. 1 space after other punctuation marks.

5. Basic Rules (Pt. 2) • Paper is single sided. • All pages are numbered and have a running head. • Visuals may include graphs, photographs, tables, etc. Clearly label each visual with a title that concisely describes its subject. In the text of your paper refer to the visual by the title.

6. Basic Rules (Pt. 3) • There is an order to the paper: • Title page • Abstract • Text • References • Footnotes • Tables • Figures • Appendices

7. Headings • Used to organize the content of a paper. • Provides a visual cue to the reader – allows them to recognize the idea(s) that are to follow. • The 5 headings: Centered, Bold, Title Case Heading [Level 1] Flush Left, Bold, Title Case Heading [Level 2] Indented, bold, sentence case, paragraph heading ending with a period. . . . . [Level 3] 1” Margin 1” Margin Indented, bold, italicized, sentence case, paragraph heading ending with a period. . . . . [Level 4] Indented, italicized, sentence case, paragraph heading ending with a period. . . . . [Level 5]

8. Citing Material • Two major components: • In-text/parenthetical citation • Placed in narrative of paper (when information is borrowed) • Directs reader to “References” page • “References” page citation (bibliographic information) • Contains the detailed bibliographic information about borrowed source material • Allows readers to verify source material

9. 1” Margin 1” Margin Quoting • When employing a quote, you must display the author, year of publication and page number in your narration. • Sample: Some management theorists suggested, “that successful corporations must primarily produce brands, as opposed to products” (Klein, 2000, p. 3). [Version 1] OR Klein (2000) noted that some management theorists suggest, “that successful corporations must primarily produce brands, as opposed to products” (p. 3). [Version 2]

10. Block Quoting • When block quoting, you must display the author, year and page number in your narration. • Sample: Klein (2000), in the book No Logo: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies, wrote: The astronomical growth in the wealth and cultural influence of multinational corporations over the last fifteen years can arguably be traced back to a single, seemingly innocuous idea developed by management theorists in the mid-1980s: that successful corporations must primarily produce brands, as opposed to products. (p. 3) 1” Margin ½” 1” Margin

11. 1” Margin 1” Margin Paraphrasing • When paraphrasing, you must display the author and year of publication in your narration. • Sample: It is suggested that management theories, developed in the mid-1980s, put forth the idea that branding is as important to corporate success as the actual product that is produced (Klein, 2000). [Version 1] OR Klein (2000) suggested that management theories, developed in the mid-1980s, put forth the idea that branding is as important to corporate success as the actual product that is produced. [Version 2]

12. Bibliographic Information • Where do I find it? • Books • Title and publisher page • Online Public Access/Library Catalogues (OPACs) • Periodicals (journals, magazines, & newspapers) • Cover, table of contents, or publication page in periodical • Database’s (a.k.a. Online Periodical Index) abstract or citation • Web Pages • Scour the page and/or site (it will rarely be in one place) • Others (pamphlets, posters, audiovisual media, etc.) • Search carefully and provide as much information as possible

13. Citation – One Author • Example: Toronto, Canada: (2000). Klein, N. No logo: Taking aim at the brand bullies. 1” Margin 1” Margin Vintage Canada. Double spaced. Hanging indent.

14. Citation – Two Authors • Example • In-text: • Cushing and Allan (2001) compared… • (Cushing & Allan, 2001) Cushing, C. E., & Allan, J. D. (2001). Streams: Their ecology and life. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. 1” Margin 1” Margin

15. Citation – Three to Five Authors Hayes, S. C., Stosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy. New York, NY: Guilford Press. • Example: • In-text: • First time citing work: • Hayes, Strosahl and Wilson (1999) found… • (Hayes, Stroshal, & Wilson, 1999) • Subsequent Citations: • Hayes et al. (1999) discovered…. • (Hayes et al., 1999) 1” Margin 1” Margin

16. Citation Exceptions • Six or More Authors • In text: • Cite only the surname of the first author then et al. and the year • Example: • Wasserstein et al. (2005) found… • (Wasserstein et al., 2005) • Eight or more Authors in REFERENCE LIST • Use the first six authors, then three ellipses and last authors name • Example: • Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, J. F., Rabinovich, N. E., Sugai, C., Plath, L. C., Asgaard,G., …Botros, N. (2004). Effects of quitting smoking on EEG activation and attention last for more than 31 days and are more severe with stress, dependence, DRD2 A1 allele, and depressive traits. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6, 249-267.

17. Citation – Company/Organization As Author • Example: • In-text: • (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009) • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(2009) • In-text: • : . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009).CDC recommendations for the amount of time persons with influenza-like illness should be away from others. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/guidance/exclusion.htm 1” Margin 1” Margin

18. Citation – Multiple Works By The Same Author • Example: • In-text: • (Koriat, 2008a) and (Koriat, 2008b) • References are alphabetized by title Koriat, A. (2008a). Easy comes, easy goes? The link between learning and remembering and its exploitation in metacognition. Memory & Cognition, 36, 416–428. doi:10.3758/MC.36.2.416 Koriat, A. (2008b). Subjective confidence in one’s answers: The consensuality principle. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34, 945–959. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.34.4.945 1” Margin 1” Margin

19. Books & eBook Citation • Entire Book - Print Version • Greenburg, B.H. (2010). Management of heart failure. West Sussex, London: Wiley-Blackwell. • Electronic Version of Print Book • Greenburg, B.H. (2010). Management of heart failure. Retrieved from http://www.ebrary.com/corp/

20. Print Journal Article Citation • Example: Harvard Educational Review, Has Shulman got the strategy right? (1987). Sockett, H. T. (2), 57 208– 219. 1” Margin 1” Margin Double spaced. Hanging indent.

21. Web Site Citation • Example: Research advances in the nursing sciences. (2004). Garth, P. E. 1” Margin 1” Margin from http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/usersurveys/ survey1997-10/ Retrieved Double spaced. Hanging indent.

22. Regulus, T. A. (1995). Gang violence. In R. L. Edwards (Ed.), Encyclopedia of social work (19th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 1045–1055). Washington, DC: National Association of Social Workers. 1” Margin 1” Margin Additional Examples • Chapter/Section of a Book • In-text: • Regulus (1995) determined . . . . • . . . (Regulus, 1995).

23. Additional Examples • Journal Article with DOI • In-text: • Yu et al. (2009) discovered that . . . . • It was discovered that . . . (Yu et al., 2009). Yu, H., Zhou, Y.-J., Li, G.-X., Zhang, G.-H., Liu, H.-L., Yan, . . . & Tong, G.-Z. (2009). Further evidence for infection of pigs with human-like influenza viruses in China. Virus Research, 140, 85–90. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2008.11.008 1” Margin 1” Margin

24. Where can I find the DOI?

25. Additional Examples • Journal Article with no DOI • In-text: • According to Sillick and Schutte (2006) . . . . • . . . (Sillick & Schutte, 2006). Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem mediate between perceived early parental love and adult happiness. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2) 38-48. Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap 1” Margin 1” Margin

26. Additional Examples • Newspaper Article – no author • In-text: • In the article “Rotor Blades Fail Inspection” (2002) . . . . • . . . (“Rotor Blades Fail Inspection,” 2002). Rotor blades fail inspection. (2002, July 27). Medicine Hat News, p. A1. 1” Margin 1” Margin

27. Additional Examples • Wikis • In-text: • The article titled “American Psychological Association” (2009) suggests that . . . . • It has been suggested that . . . (“American Psychological Association,” 2009). American Psychological Association [Wiki article]. (2009, July 9). Retrieved July 20, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological _Association 1” Margin 1” Margin

28. 1” Margin 1” Margin Additional Examples • Video Blogs (e.g., YouTube) • In-text: • Simon Cowell, a notoriously difficult judge, said that Paul Potts's performance on Britain's Got Talent, "was a complete breath of fresh air" (myredroom, 2007). Cowell went on to say that, "I thought you were absolutely fantastic." myredroom. (2007, June 10). Paul sings NessunDorma high quality video/sound widescreen 16:9[Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k08yxu57NA

29. Travel Alberta. (2002). Official Alberta vacation guide [Brochure]. Edmonton, Canada: Author. 1” Margin 1” Margin Additional Examples • Brochure • In-text: • In the brochure by Travel Alberta (2002) . . . . • . . . (Travel Alberta, 2002).

30. 1” Margin 1” Margin Additional Examples • Video • In-text: • In the video Faces of Reality produced by Gillespie and directed by Ashworth (2000) . . . . • . . . (Gillespie & Ashworth, 2000). Gillespie, M. (Producer), & Ashworth, S. (Director). (2000). Faces of reality[Videotape]. Edmonton, Canada: Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission.

31. 1” Margin 1” Margin Additional Examples • No Date • In-text: • In the text by Rosenthal (n.d.) . . . . • . . . (Rosenthal, n.d.). Rosenthal, R. (n.d.). Social research procedures. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

32. Additional Resources • American Psychological Association. (2010).Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. • American Psychological Association. (2010). Concise rules of APA style (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. • APA Style.org - http://apastyle.org/