SURVEY

1. SURVEY

2. Introduction • Survey generally imply a collection of facts and analysis, evaluation or interpretation of facts once they have collected and comparison of data from other times or places

3. Survey is defined as an investigation in which information is systematically collected, but in which there is no active intervention by the investigators.

4. Uses of survey • Monitoring trends in oral health and disease • Policy development • Program evaluation • Assessment of dental needs • Providing visibility for dental issues

5. Types of survey • Based on the design of the investigation • Descriptive • Analytic • It can also be classified as • Cross sectional • Longitudinal

6. Based on the method of data collection • Health interview survey • Health examination survey • Health records survey • Questionnaire survey

7. Steps in survey • Establishing the objectives • Designing the investigation • Selecting the sample • Conducting the examination • Analysing the data • Drawing the conclusion • Publishing the results

8. Establishing the objectives • Purpose of the study • Hypothesis to be tested or disease to be measured

9. 2. Designing the investigation • Descriptive • Analytical • Case control • Cohort (longitudinal)

10. 3. Selecting the sample Sampling techniques

11. 4. Conducting the examination • Due considerations to following aspects • Examination methods and diagnostic aids • Diagnostic criteria • Indices • Consent • Selection of examiners

12. Examination methods and diagnostic aids • ADA classification of type of examination • Type 1- complete examination • Type 2- limited examination • Type 3-inspection • Type 4- screening

13. 4. Conducting the examination • Due considerations to following aspects • Examination methods and diagnostic aids • Diagnostic criteria • Indices • Consent • Selection of examiners

14. 5. Analyzing the data • Calculation of percentage, means and standard deviation related to status and treatment needs is done as appropriate

15. Classification of treament needs (ADA) • Class 1-requiring no dental treatment • Class 2- requiring treatment but not of an emergency nature • Class 3-requiring early treatment • Class 4- emergency dental treatment • Such as • Moderate calculus • Prosthetic cases • Periodontal cases-not extensive or advanced • Corrective or preventive measures • Extensive or advanced periodontal cases • Chronic pulpal or apical infection • Chronic oral infection • Surgical procedures required for removal of one or more teeth not included in class 4 • Injuries • Acute oral infections (periodontal or periapical abscesses, vincents infection, acute gingivitis, stomatitis etc.) • Painful conditions

16. 6. Drawing the conclusion

17. 7. Publishing the results Report should include • Statement of the purpose of the study • Material and methods • Results • Discussion and conclusion

18. Basic Oral Health Survey • Basic oral health surveys are used to collect information about the oral health status and treatment needs of a population, and subsequently, to monitor changes in levels and patterns of disease.

19. Can be used to determine: • existing oral health services • required preventive, curative and restora­tive services. • The resources needed

20. Special characteristics of oral diseases • age-related • exist in all populations • Some diseases are irreversible • variation of profiles for population groups

21. Pathfinder surveys • It is a practical, economic survey sampling methodology • The method used is a stratified cluster sampling technique.

22. The method is suitable for obtaining the following information: • The overall prevalence. • Variations in disease level, severity and need for treatment • Age profiles of oral diseases in the population • About severity and progression of disease, and to give an indication as to whether the levels are increasing or decreasing.

23. Pathfinder surveys can be either • Pilot • National

24. A pilot survey is one that includes only the most important subgroups in the population and only one or two index ages, usually 12 years and one other age group.

25. A national pathfinder survey incorporates sufficient examination sites to cover all important subgroups of the population that may have differing disease levels or treatment needs, and at least three of the age groups or index ages

26. Subgroups • Sampling sites are usually chosen so as to provide information on population groups likely to have different levels of oral disease.

27. Index ages and age groups. • The following ages and age groups are recommended: 5 years for primary teeth and 12, 15, 35-44 and 65-74 years for permanent teeth.

28. Number of subjects. • The number of subjects in each index age group to be examined ranges from a minimum of 25 to 50 for each cluster or sampling site

30. Survey • Uses of survey • Types of survey • Steps in survey • Basic oral health survey • Design of a Basic oral health survey • Organizing the survey • Training and calibration • Implementing the survey

31. Organizing the Survey • Preparing a survey protocol • Obtaining approval from the authorities • Budgeting • Scheduling • Emergency care and referral • Courtesy reporting

32. 1. Written protocol for the survey should contain the following information: • Main objective and purpose of the survey. • A description of the type of information to be collected and of the methods to be used. • A description of the sampling methods to be used. • Personnel and physical arrangements. • Statistical methods to be used in analyzing the data. • A provisional budget. • A provisional timetable of main activities and responsible staff.

33. 2. Obtaining approval from the authorities Permission to examine population groups must be obtained from a local, regional or national authority.

34. 3. Budgeting • all the resources required, including personnel, to carry out the survey

35. 4. Scheduling • A basic examination of a child usually takes about 5-10 minutes, while a complete examination of an adult may take be­tween 15 and 20 minutes.

36. 5. Emergency care and referral • A list of referral facilities and addresses should therefore be prepared before the survey

37. 6. Courtesy reporting • It is appropriate, and often essential, to report the survey findings to local authorities.

38. Training and calibration • 2 main reasons for the variability of clinical scoring • Difficulty in scoring different levels of oral diseases • Physical and psychological factors

39. Objectives of standardization and calibration • To ensure uniform interpretation, understanding and application by all examiners of the codes and criteria • To ensure that each examiner can examine consistently

40. Agreement for most assessments should be in the range of 85-95% • Intra examiner reproducibility • Inter examiner reproducibility

41. Duplicate examination • 5-10% of the sample(no less than 25)

42. Implementing the Survey • General • Personnel and organization • Instruments and supplies • Examination area

43. General • Contacts with persons in authority • Keeping a logbook • Preliminary exercise • Sources of fluorides

44. Personnel and organization • Recording clerk • Organizing clerk • Daily review of assessment forms

45. Instruments and supplies The following instruments and supplies are required for each examiner: • plane mouth mirrors • periodontal probes • several pairs of tweezers • containers (one for used instruments and one for sterilizing instru­ments) and concentrated sterilizing solution • a wash basin (for either water and soap or disinfectant solution) • cloth or paper hand towels • gauze.

46. Examination area • Examination position • Lighting • Seating of recording clerk • Supply of survey forms • Avoidance of crowding • Avoidance of noise

47. Summary