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Ontology Building with Protégé: A Comprehensive Tutorial

Learn the fundamentals of building ontologies using Protégé, covering topics such as OWL constructors, class hierarchy, consistency checks, and graphical representations. Understand the importance of TBox, ABox, and KB in knowledge representation and gain insights into ontology principles and naming conventions. Discover how classes, properties, and individuals are defined in ontology building, essential for various applications like scientific knowledge portals and information integration systems.

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Ontology Building with Protégé: A Comprehensive Tutorial

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  1. Logics for Data and KnowledgeRepresentation Ontology Building using Protégé : A Tutorial Fausto Giunchiglia and Biswanath Dutta

  2. Outline • Introduction • Ontology • OWL Constructors • Protégé and Protégé-OWL • Ontology Building • Class Hierarchy (subsumption) • Disjoint • Consistency Check • Property • Graphical representation • Restriction • Polyhierarchy • Individuals 2

  3. Description Logic (DL) Family INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING There are many varieties of DL and there is an informal naming convention, roughly describing the operators allowed. • OWL Mapping to equivalent DL • OWL Lite closely corresponds to SHIF(D) • OWL DL closely corresponds to SHOIN(D) 3

  4. Terminology Box (TBox) INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING • A terminology box (or TBox) is a set of definitions and specializations • Can be seen as a set of “schema” axioms (sentences) • Terminological axioms express constraints on the concepts of the language, i.e. they limit the possible models • The TBox is the set of all the constraints on the possible models Equivalence TBOX Equality axiom Definition PhD ≡ Postgraduate ⊓ ≥3Publish.Paper Parent ≡ Person ⊓ ∃hasChild.Person hasGrandChild ⊑ hasChild Inclusion axiom Specialization Subsumption 4

  5. Assertion Box (ABox) INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING • In an ABox one introduces individuals, by giving them names, and one asserts properties about them. • We denote individual names as a, b, c,… • An assertion with concept C is called concept assertion (or simply assertion) in the form: C(a), C(b), C(c), … • An assertion with Role R is called role assertion in the form: R(a, b), R(b, c), … • So, an ABox is a set of “data” axioms (ground facts) Student(paul) Professor(fausto) Teaches(Fausto, LDKR) 5

  6. Knowledge Base (KB) INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING • A Knowledge Base (KB) = TBox + Abox 6

  7. Ontology INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING • An ontology describes the concepts and relationships that are important in a particular domain, providing a vocabulary for that domain as well as a computerized specification of the meaning of terms used in the vocabulary • Ontologies are ranges from: • taxonomies and classifications, • database schemas, • to fully axiomatized theories • Used in many business and scientific communities as a way to share, reuse and process domain knowledge • Central to many applications such as, scientific knowledge portals, information management and integration systems, electronic commerce, semantic web services, and so forth 7

  8. Ontology : Basic Principle INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING • Ontology building is a fun!!! • Before starting modelling an ontology, we need an application in our mind 8

  9. Naming Conventions INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING • There are no such standard conventions • Different practices are found, like, • HumanBeing • humanBeing • Human_being • Use whatever you like • Important: try to be consistent 9

  10. OWL Constructs: Classes INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING • Classes (concept, category) are sets of Individuals • Membership of a class is depend on its logical description, NOT on its name • Classes do not have to be named – they can be logical expressions – e.g., book with yellow cover page • A class is to be described in a way that it is possible for it to contain Individuals, except that you have some specific requirement where it is to represent the empty class • E.g., Human being, Person, Building, Personal moment, Vacation, Religious residence 10

  11. OWL Constructs: Properties INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING • OWL defines the properties, • Object property- relate individuals to other individuals (e.g., isTaughtBy, supervises, isStudentOf, isLocatedIn) • Datatype property- relate individuals to datatype values (e.g. , author, title, phone, age, etc.) • Annotation property- use to add uninterpreted information (e.g., versioning information, comment) to classes, properties and individuals • Relationships in OWL are binary • N-ary relations??? 11

  12. OWL Constructs: Individuals INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING • Individuals (Instance, Object) are the objects in the domain • An individual may be (and are likely to be) a member of multiple Classes • E.g., me, you, this tutorial, this room, this university, my house 12

  13. Special Properties INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING • owl:TransitiveProperty (transitive property) • E.g. “has better grade than”, “is ancestor of” • owl:SymmetricProperty (symmetry) • E.g. “has same grade as”, “is sibling of” • owl:FunctionalProperty defines a property that has at most one value for each object • E.g. “age”, “height”, “directSupervisor” • owl:InverseFunctionalProperty defines a property for which two different objects cannot have the same value 13

  14. Restriction Types INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING 14

  15. Protégé INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING • Is developed by Stanford Medical Informatics (http://protege.stanford.edu/) • Is a free, open-source software • Has large and growing user community base • Implements a rich set of knowledge-modeling structures • Supports the creation, visualization, and manipulation of ontologies in various representation formats • In core, Protégé is based on Frames (object oriented) modelling • Supports OWL through the Protégé-OWL plugin • Can be customized to provide domain-friendly support for creating knowledge models and entering data • Supports development of plugins to allow backend / interface extensions 15

  16. Protégé-OWL INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING • The Protégé-OWL editor enables users to: • Load and save OWL and RDF ontologies • Edit and visualize classes, properties, and SWRL (Semantic Web Rule Language) rules • Define logical class characteristics as OWL expressions • Execute reasoners such as description logic classifiers • Edit OWL individuals for Semantic Web markup • Protégé supports SHOIN(D) 16

  17. Saving OWL Files INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING Two files: .pprj – the project file stores information about the GUI and the workspace .owl – the OWL file actual ontology is stored in RDF/OWL format 17

  18. INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING Protégé-OWL : Metadata Window Ontology URI Ontology property Ontology(ies) Default Namespaces Namespaces 18

  19. Protégé-OWL : Class Building Window INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING Asserted hierarchy as asserted by the ontology engineer Class description widget owl:Thing, a root class Subsumption hierarchy Asserted Conditions Widget Class-specific tools (find usage etc) Disjoint widget 19

  20. Ontology Building INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING • Basic infrastructure (recall!) • Classes/ concepts • Properties/ roles • Object property • Datatype property • Annotation property [optional] • Individuals/ objects/ instances [mandatory ???] 20

  21. Basic Things INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING • Step 1: • Open Protégé • Create a new project • Select OWL/RDF files as Project type • Define the Ontology URI • Select OWL DL as Language profile • Click to Finish • Save the project • Important: it is always good to save the ontology after each operation you do while building the ontology 21

  22. Class Hierarchy (subsumption) INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING • Step 2: • Go to the OWL Classes tab • Create the following two classes: • Agent, MindProduct (as subClass of owl:Thing) • Add the following subClasses under the class Agent • Developer, Producer, Programmer • Add the following subClasses under the class MindProduct • Document, Music, Program, Song • Under Document, create the following subClasses • Book, Magazine 22

  23. Disjoint INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING • In the previous slide, we organized the kind-of classes in a hierarchy (subsumption) • Note: human mind can easily process that, say, classes, Agent and MindProduct are not the same kind-of objects (and that’s why we kept them separately) • Step 3:We explicitly mention say the same, i.e., Agent and MindProduct are disjoint classes in our ontology using the disjoint wizard • Select class Agent • Click on Add all siblings in the Disjoints wizard • SelectMutually between all siblings 23

  24. Disjoint INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING • Similarly we make classes, i.e., Developer, Producer, Programmer as disjoint classes • In a similar way, we make the classes, Document, Music, Program, Song as disjoint classes • Also make the classes, Book and Magazine as disjoint classes E.g., 24

  25. What is Next? INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING • So, what we have done till now: • Created a new project file • Gave a name to this new ontology and save into our local system • Created the class hierarchies • Explicitly stated the not-kind of classes (disjointness) • So, what we do next • We first check the consistency of our ontology by running the reasoner • Before check the consistency we do another step (see next slide) 25

  26. Consistency Check INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING Add named classes • Step 4: We add a new class, called, InconsistentClass_1 under the class Agent • Make InconsistentClass_1 as disjoint class with all its siblings • As per the inheritance rule, InconsistenceClass_1 has a parentAgent • Now make this class such that it has multi-parents • To do this, • Select class InconsistentClass_1 • Click on the Add named classes from the Asserted Conditions widget • Select the class Development from list • Press Ok 26

  27. Consistency Check INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING • Now run the consistency check • To do this we use the Pellet reasoner (integrated with the Protégé-OWL editor) Check consistency (for efficiency) Compute inferred types (for individuals) Classify taxonomy (and check consistency) 27

  28. Consistency Check INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING • Now make the classes InconsistentClass_1 and Developer as non-disjoint classes • How to do this? • Select the class InconsistentClass_1 • Go to the Disjoints widget and select the class Developer • Click on “Delete selected row” • Save the ontology • Run the consistency check again 28

  29. Next step? INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING • So, what is next? • Step 5 : we add the following properties • Object property • write, download, produce • Datatype property • name, dateOfBirth, title • Annotation property • dc:title, dc:creator, dc:date • Set the domain and range of those properties • Assign the special properties to those properties (wherever needed) 29

  30. Object Property INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING Domain Range • Important: properties can also be built in a hierarchy (not shown here) 30

  31. Datatype Property INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING Domain Range 31

  32. Annotation Property INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING 32

  33. Graphical View of the Asserted Classes INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING • The (Asserted) class hierarchy view OWL Viz 33

  34. Restrictions INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING • Next, we add class restrictions… (Step 6) • This we do from the Asserted Conditions widget 34

  35. Restrictions INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING Create restriction Filler Restricted property Restriction Expression construct palette 35

  36. Restrictions : Necessary Conditions INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING • We create the following condition: • Programmer ⊑ ∃write.Programs • Producer ⊑ ∀produce.(Music ⊔ Song) • Program ⊑ ∀download.Developer • Important: • Restrictions are a type of Anonymous Class • Each class restrictions on a class become a superclass to that class • In the above picture, produce(Music or Song) become a superclass of class Produce 36

  37. What is Next? INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING • Now assume that, we have some few more agents, like, Hacker, Tracker, Computer Guru, Inventor • We add these agents by creating a new class, called MixedAgent • Why we are considering them as mixed, because of their following features • Hackers and Trackers are basically the Programmer • Computer Guru - an authority on computers and computing • Inventor - who is the first to think of or make something 37

  38. Class Restrictions INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING • Now, from the newly added class description (see previous slide), we see that the classes, Hacker and Tracker are the programmers, which • implies that they write Program • We explicitly state this knowledge into our ontology in the form of restrictions 38

  39. Polyhierarchy INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING • Now it is obvious that since Hacker and Tracker are the programmers, we can say that these two classes are also be the child of class Programmer • This leads to the polyhierarchy • BUT, we do not state this knowledge manually • We will use reasoner to do this for us • Let reasoner infer this knowledge automatically • To get this job done by the reasoner, we need to do one more step 39

  40. Polyhierarchy INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING • We make the following Necessary Condition as Necessary and Sufficient Condition • Programmer ⊑ ∃write.Programs • How to make this? • Click on the class Programmer • Select the following Necessary Condition (in the Asserted Condition widget) • Drag and drop it to the Necessary and Sufficient Condition block 40

  41. Polyhierarchy INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING • Now run the reasoner • You see the following • In the Inferred Hierarchy window, classes with blue colors represent the newly REorganized classes Classify taxonomy (and check consistency) 41

  42. REorganized Class Hierarchy INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING 42

  43. Individuals INTRODUCTION :: ONTOLOGY :: OWL CONSTRUCTORS :: PROTEGE :: ONTOLOGY BUILDING 43

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