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East Asia: Regional Integration Among Open Economies

East Asia: Regional Integration Among Open Economies. Presentation at National Economic & Social Development Board (NESDB), Bangkok 7 April 2006. Homi Kharas Sector Director & Chief Economist East Asia & Pacific Region World Bank. Share of country’s intra- and extra-regional exports in GDP.

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East Asia: Regional Integration Among Open Economies

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  1. East Asia: Regional Integration Among Open Economies Presentation at National Economic & Social Development Board (NESDB), Bangkok 7 April 2006 Homi Kharas Sector Director & Chief Economist East Asia & Pacific Region World Bank

  2. Share of country’s intra- and extra-regional exports in GDP 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 EU 94-96 EU 02-04 Japan 94-96 Japan 02-04 NAFTA 02-04 NAFTA 94-96 Thailand 94-96 Thailand 02-04 Emerging East A. Emerging East A. China & HK 94-96 China & HK 02-04 Korea Rep. 94-96 Korea Rep. 02-04 94-96 02-04 Exports to Intra/GDP Rest of exports/GDP Note: Intra-regional exports in the case of the EU and NAFTA refer to intra-exports to the region. In all other countries intra-regional exports are exports to Emerging E. Asia.

  3. East Asia’s aggressive reduction in tariffs Source: UN-TRAINS

  4. Emerging East Asia’s countries have high shares of FDI from other East Asian countries

  5. Dispersion in equity returns is falling Sounrce: Datastream, weekly dividend-adjusted return

  6. Questions • Trade direction: Regionalism or Regionalization? • Trade pattern: Heckscher-Ohlin or Krugman? • Finance: Country differentiation or Co-movement? • Policy priorities: Goods or Services? International or Domestic?

  7. 1. Trade direction: Regionalism vs. Regionalization Percentage point change in extra-regional and intra-regional market shares between 1994-96 average and 2002-04 average

  8. Regionalism vs. Regionalization

  9. Statistically, China & Hong Kong, Korea and Japan import more from East Asia than predicted 2. Trade pattern: Heckscher-Ohlin vs. Krugman

  10. The explosive growth in East Asia’s parts and components trade is broadly shared across most economies

  11. China & Hong Kong have experienced a notable technological upgrading

  12. Foreign affiliates played a key role in China’s explosive growth of parts & components trade Share of foreign affiliates (FA) in total China’s trade, 1992-2004 Source: Gaulier et al. (2005).

  13. The fragmentation of production by multinational corporations has changed the allocation of production networks in East Asia

  14. The influence of external news is increasing. On average, equity markets in East Asia are showing greater integration with the region, Japan, and the US. 3. Finance: Country differentiation vs. Co-movement

  15. 4. Policy Priorities: Goods vs. Services

  16. Main Messages • East Asia is integrating, but at a different pace in trade, finance and services. • Integration is driven by the private sector, with public regionalism in a supporting role. • Regional integration is complementing global integration combining best practices from the region with the best from the world. • The public policy agenda is largely behind-the-border in trade facilitation, improving investment climate, liberalizing services, and encouraging FDI and domestic capital market development.

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