SOCIAL WELFARE & SOCIAL SECURITY

1. SOCIAL WELFARE & SOCIAL SECURITY Antropologi Hukum FHUI 2007 By : Heru Susetyo

2. KESEJAHTERAAN SOSIAL • Dalam arti mencakup berbagai tindakan yang dilakukan manusia untuk mencapai taraf hidup yang lebih baik baik secara fisik mental sosial dan spiritual.

3. Rumusan UU No. 6/ 1974 Pasal 2 ayat 1 : • Kesejahteraan sosial adalah suatu tata kehidupan dan penghidupan sosial materiil maupun spiritual yang diliputi oleh rasa keselamatan, kesusilaan, dan ketentraman lahir dan batin, yang memungkinkan bagi setiap warganegara untuk mengadakan usaha pemenuhan kebutuhan-kebutuhan jasmaniah, rohaniah, dan sosial yang sebaik-baiknya bagi diri, keluarga, serta masyarakat dengan menjunjung tinggi hak-hak asasi serta kewajiban manusia sesuai dengan Pancasila.”

4. Kesejahteraan Sosial sebagai suatu gerakan : Social welfare is all the organized social arrangements which have as their direct and primary objectives the well being of people in social context. It includes the broad range of policies and services which are concerned with various aspect of people live, their income, security, health, housing, education, recreation, cultural transitions, etc.

5. (Titmuss) Social Services : • a series of collective interventions that contribute to the general welfare by assigning claims from one set of people who are said to produce or earn the national income to another set of people who may merit compassion and charity.

6. Social welfare policy regulates the provision of benefits to people for the purpose of meeting basic life needs, such as employment, income, food, housing, health care, and relationships. .

7. Kebijakan Kesejahteraan Sosial adalah bagian dari Kebijakan sosial (social policy) : which can be defined as the formal and consistent ordering of human affairs

8. Kesejahteraan Sosial sebagai suatu kegiatan : “Social welfare is the organized system of social services and institutions, designed to aid individuals and group to attain satisfying standards of life and health.”

9. SEBAGAI GERAKAN > HUMAN SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS Dengan kegiatan : • social services • social welfare services • SEBAGAI KEGIATAN > USAHA KESEJAHTERAAN SOSIAL

10. PEMBANGUNAN SOSIAL (Midgley) a process of planned social change designed to promote the well-being of the population as a whole in conjunction with a dynamic process of economic development. Tiga Strategi Pembangunan Sosial : • Pemb. Sosial melalui individu • Pemb. Sosial melalui komunitas • Pemb. Sosial melalui pemerintah

11. INTERVENSI DALAM PEMBANGUNAN SOSIAL : Sasaran : • Munculnya perubahan pada aspek : • pengetahuan (knowledge), • keyakinan (belief), • sikap (attitude), dan • niat individu (intention).

12. PARADIGMA KESEJAHTERAAN SOSIAL • Residual welfare. • Welfare provision is often seen as being for the poor. This was the dominant model in English-speaking countries; • the English Poor Law (1598-1948) was exported to many other countries. This has been taken as the model of a residual system of welfare, in which welfare is a safety net, confined to those who are unable to manage otherwise.

13. PARADIGMA KESEJAHTERAAN SOSIAL • Solidarity. • Welfare in much of Europe is based on the principle of solidarity, or mutual responsibility. The responsibilities which people have to each other depend on their relationships; people in society are part of solidaristic social networks. Many of the rights which people have are particular, rather than general - they depend on a person's circumstances, work record or family relationships, not on general rights protected by the state. Those who are not part of such networks are said to be 'excluded'.

14. PARADIGMA KESEJAHTERAAN SOSIAL • Institutional welfare. • An institutional system is one in which need is accepted as a normal part of social life. Welfare is provided for the population as a whole, in the same way as public services like roads or schools might be. In an institutional system, welfare is not just for the poor: it is for everyone.

15. PARADIGMA KESEJAHTERAAN SOSIAL • Industrial achievement/performance. • Welfare has often been seen as a 'handmaiden' to the economy. It helps employers, by preparing and servicing the capacity of the workforce, and it acts as an economic regulator, stimulating demand when production is low.

16. Model of welfare (Esping-Andersen) • corporatist régimes are work-oriented and based on individual contribution. • social democratic régimes favour universalist values. • liberal régimes tend to be residualist.

17. MODEL KESEJAHTERAAN SOSIAL DI BEBERAPA NEGARA • UK and Sweden is institutional; • France is solidaristic • The German system is work oriented: • US has substantial residual elements,

18. MODEL RESIDUAL? INSTITUTIONAL? SOLIDARITY?

19. SEJARAH SOCIAL POLICY BERMULA DARI ERA POOR LAW DI UK (BRITISH)

20. British Social Policy:THE POOR LAW • British social policy was dominated by the Poor Laws, first passed in 1598 and continuing till 1948. • The Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601 provided for: • a compulsory poor rate • the creation of 'overseers' of relief • provision for 'setting the poor on work'.

21. British Social Policy : The Welfare State • 1942 Beveridge report. Beveridge proposed a system of National Insurance, based on three 'assumptions': • family allowances • a national health service, and • full employment. • 1944 The wartime coalition government commits itself to full employment by Keynesian methods.

22. British Social Policy : The Welfare State • 1944 Education Act: free universal secondary education • 1945 Family Allowance Act. • The Labour Government was elected later in 1945. • 1946 National Insurance Act • 1946 National Health Service Act. • 1948 National Assistance Act: abolition of the Poor Law. • 1948 Children Act.

23. AMERICAN SOCIAL WELFARE POLICY

26. The United States is sometimes described as a ‘liberal' welfare regime. • in the sense that it represents individualism, laissez-faire, residualism and a punitive view of poverty.

27. The US does not, however, have a unified welfare system. Federalism has meant that many important functions are held by the States, including public assistance, social care and various health schemes (Minnesota and Hawaii have state-funded health systems).

29. By comparison with other developed countries, central government has had a limited role in social welfare provision. • the main developments of federal provision were during the FDR administration of the 1930s, which laid the foundations for the social security system, and the "War on Poverty" of the 1960s, which provided some important benefits (notably health care for people on low incomes) and engaged the federal government in a wide variety of projects and activities at local level.

30. In practice, the US is pluralistic, rather than liberal. There are significant departures from the residual model - e.g. state schooling, social insurance, or the Veterans' Administration, which provides health care for nearly 40 million people. • In addition to federal and state activity, there are extensive private, mutualist and corporate interests in welfare provision.

31. US SOCIAL SECURITY • America's social safety net has expanded dramatically over the past 100 years. At the turn of the last century, Americans still viewed themselves as "rugged individualists." Families, local communities, and charities (often religiously based) formed the backbone of the social safety net of the time. • The Great Depression of the 1930s changed much of that. President Frankin D. Roosevelt's New Deal established Social Security in 1935 and inaugurated the modern day federal welfare program with a modest small program called Aid to Dependent Children (ADC). • The next great expansion came during the Johnson administration in the 1960s, when Medicare, Medicaid, public housing, and other programs were established.

32. 1935 SOCIAL SECURITY ACT MATERI YANG DIATUR : • PREAMBLE • TITLE I- GRANTS TO STATES FOR OLD-AGE ASSISTANCE • TITLE II- FEDERAL OLD-AGE BENEFITS • TITLE III- GRANTS TO STATES FOR UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION ADMINISTRATION • TITLE IV- GRANTS TO STATES FOR AID TO DEPENDENT CHILDREN • TITLE V- GRANTS TO STATES FOR MATERNAL AND CHILD WELFARE

33. 1935 SOCIAL SECURITY ACT • TITLE VI- PUBLIC HEALTH WORK • TITLE VII- SOCIAL SECURITY BOARD • TITLE VIII- TAXES WITH RESPECT TO EMPLOYMENT • TITLE IX- TAX ON EMPLOYERS OF EIGHT OR MORE • TITLE X- GRANTS TO STATES FOR AID TO THE BLIND • TITLE XI- GENERAL PROVISIONSFULL ACT IN A SINGLE FILE

34. CURRENT SOCIAL SECURITY ACT • Title I [Grants to States for Old-Age Assistance for the Aged] • Title II Federal Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance Benefits • Title III Grants to States for Unemployment Compensation Administration • Title IV Grants to States for Aid and Services to Needy Families with Children and for Child-Welfare Services • Title V Maternal and Child Health Services Block Grant • Title VI Temporary State Fiscal Relief • Title VII Administration

35. CURRENT SOCIAL SECURITY ACT • Title VIII Special Benefits for Certain World War II Veterans • Title IX Miscellaneous Provisions Relating to Employment Security • Title X [Grants to States for Aid to the Blind] • Title XI General Provisions, Peer Review, and Administrative Simplification • Title XII Advances to State Unemployment Funds • Title XIII [Repealed.] • Title XIV [Grants to States for Aid to the Permanently and Totally Disabled] • Title XV [Repealed.]

36. CURRENT SOCIAL SECURITY ACT • Title XVI [Grants to States for Aid to the Aged, Blind, or Disabled] • Title XVI Supplemental Security Income for the Aged, Blind, and Disabled • Title XVII Grants for Planning Comprehensive Action to Combat Mental Retardation • Title XVIII Health Insurance for the Aged and Disabled • Title XIX Grants to States for Medical Assistance Programs • Title XX Block Grants to States for Social Services • Title XXI State Children's Health Insurance Program

37. SEJARAH US SOCIAL SECURITY ACT (www.ssa.gov) • The Social Security Act • The original Social Security Act (the Act) is P.L. 74-271 (49 Stat. 620), approved August 14, 1935. The Act has been amended in part, a number of times. A list of laws which have amended the Act may be found in Volume II.

38. Administration of the Social Security Act • The Social Security Board was responsible for administration of the original Social Security Act except for parts 1, 2, 3, and 5 of Title V (which were administered by the Children's Bureau, then in the Department of Labor); part 4 of Title V which increased the appropriations authorized for carrying out the Act of June 2, 1920 and Title VI which authorized grants to the States for public health work. • The Social Security Board was transferred to the Federal Security Agency by Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1939 and the Board's functions were to be carried on under the direction and supervision of the Federal Security Administrator. Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1946 transferred the functions of the Children's Bureau and the functions of the Secretary of Labor under Title V of the Act to the Federal Security Administrator and the Board was abolished.

39. The Social Security Administration was established as an independent agency, effective March 31, 1995, by P.L. 103-296, §101, approved August 15, 1994 with a Commissioner of Social Security responsible for the exercise of all powers and the discharge of all duties of the Administration.

40. SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER

41. MORE INFORMATION ON AMERICAN SOCIAL POLICY Please click : • www.ssa.gov • http://caster.ssw.upenn.edu/~restes/praxis.html • http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/contentf.htm Please have a visit !