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Fish

Explore the fascinating world of fish, from their anatomy to behavior. Learn about different classes, feeding habits, and reproductive systems of jawless, cartilaginous, and bony fishes.

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Fish

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  1. Fish

  2. Vertebrates (Subphylum Vertebrata) • Backbone enclosing a nerve cord, or spinal cord • Phylum Chordata • Notochord • Pharyngeal pouches • Postanal tail • Dorsal Nerve Chord

  3. Phylum Chordata • Subphylum Vertebrata • Class Agnatha, Jawless fishes, (Hagfishes and Lampreys) • Class Chondrichthyes, Cartilaginous fishes, (Sharks, Sharks and Rays, Ratfishes) • Class Osteichthyes, Bony fishes

  4. Fig. 8.1

  5. Tab. 8.1

  6. Class Agnatha: Jawless Fishes Hagfishes and lampreys lack jaws, most primitive of living fishes Feed by suction Lack paired fins and scales Hagfish (slime eels) Lampreys, freshwater

  7. Class Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous Fishes Sharks, rays, skates, and ratfishes Endoskeleton of cartilage Paired fins, movable jaws, gill slits Rough sandpaper – like skin placoid scales pointed tip that is directed backward same composition as teeth

  8. Fig. 8.3

  9. Class Osteichthyes: Bony Fish • Largest group of living vertebrates • Gills covered by operculum • Usually swim bladder • Highly maneuverable fins • Cycloid scales

  10. Biology of Fishes Body Shape Directly related to its lifestyle Predator or prey Streamlined, flattened, elongated, etc Used for camouflage

  11. Fig. 8.4

  12. Biology of Fishes • Coloration • Chromatophores • Locomotion • Swim using a sideways movement of the body and tail • Pectoral fins and tail • Aid sharks with buoyancy • Aid bony fish maneuver/swim • Feeding • Carnivorous, herbivorous, filter feeders

  13. Fig. 8.11

  14. Fig. 8.10

  15. Fig. 8.12

  16. Digestion • Same set up as all vertebrates • Respiratory System • Obtain oxygen filtered from the water • Cartilaginous Fish • First pair of gill slits modified into spiracles (pull water in) • Gill filaments, fleshy projections • Lamellae, increase surface area • Diffusion, countercurrent system of flow

  17. ; Fig. 8.6 Counter – current flow

  18. Regulation of Internal Environment • Marine fishes keep a constant internal environment • Kidneys, gills, “drinking” water, rectal gland • Cartilaginous fishes increase their solute concentration in their blood • Urea • Created by breaking down proteins.

  19. Single – loop Blood Circulation • Simple chamber – pump heart • Blood collects in atrium and leaves through ventricle • In from body out to the gills

  20. Nervous System and Sensory Organs • Central Nervous System • Olfactory sacs, sense of smell, opens to nares • Taste buds • Barbels • Nictitating membrane • Lateral line, detect vibrations in the water (neuromasts)

  21. Biology of Fishes • Behavior • Territoriality • Schooling • Migration • Anadromous, fishes spend most of their lives in the sea but migrate to fresh water to breed • Catadromous, fishes spend most of their lives in fresh water but migrate to salt water to breed

  22. Reproduction and Life History • Urogenital Opening • sperm or eggs • Hermaphrodites • Courtship • Internal fertilization • Copulation • Males cartiliginous fishes have claspers • External fertilization

  23. Biology of Fishes • Oviparous • Spawn eggs • Ovoviviparous • Eggs are retained in reproductive tract • Viviparous • Live – bearers, nutrition comes from reproductive tract • Parthenogenesis • Development of an egg without fertilization

  24. Fig. 8.30

  25. Page 156

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