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Neuroprosthetics

Neuroprosthetics. Week 9 Emerging Technologies. Emerging Technologies. Neurotechnology:Microelectronics Molecular and Nanoscale electronics. Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS). Goals and Requirements Reduce/Eliminate interconnecting leads Distribute intelligence

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Neuroprosthetics

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  1. Neuroprosthetics Week 9 Emerging Technologies

  2. Emerging Technologies • Neurotechnology:Microelectronics • Molecular and Nanoscale electronics

  3. Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) • Goals and Requirements • Reduce/Eliminate interconnecting leads • Distribute intelligence • Minimize power consumption • Minimize device area (volume) • Improve reliability and longevity of implants

  4. Molecular Electronics • Molecular materials for electronics – electronic devices using organic compounds e.g. liquid crystal displays • Molecular scale electronics – size reduction in individual processing elements

  5. Molecular Materials • Plastic Electronics • Organic light-emitting structures • Chemical sensors

  6. Plastic Electronics • Organic semiconductors low cost • New materials with different bandgaps • Simple fabrication for polymers • Organic thin-film transistors key for plastic circuitry as display drivers in computers, as memory elements and ID tags

  7. Organic Light-Emitting Structures • Organic Light Emitting Devices (OLEDs) based on polymer p-phenylene vinylene (PPV) • Organic semiconductor sandwiched between low and high electrodes – when voltage applied, electrons are injected from one electrode and holes from the other • Recombination – light emission • Low molecular weight organic molecules and polymers

  8. Chemical Sensors • Growing need for identification of chemical & biochemical substances • Usually (Oxide) sensors must be operated at high temperatures • Organic substances – high sensitivity to gas • Can be tailored to an application by modification of their structure • Array of sensors (electronic nose) to improve on sensitivity

  9. Molecular Scale Electronics • Molecular superlattices • Single electron devices • DNA electronics

  10. Molecular Superlattices • Pyroelectric devices good as detectors of infrared – efficient at ambient temps. • Pyroelectric – noncentrosymmetric crystal structure + thin-film fabricated • Grow thin polycrystalline film (ceramic) then apply large electric field – RF • Sequential layer build up enables unique polar structure

  11. Single Electron Devices • Current flow determined by tunnelling through energy barriers • Structures of less than 10nm • Nanoparticles form FET – by sensing current difference between 2 states so the stored information can be read • Quantum effects become important (Quantum computing)

  12. DNA Electronics • DNA deemed to be a molecular wire of very small resistance • DNA – most significant molecule in nature! • Charge carriers can shuttle (tunnel) along a DNA molecule for a few nm • DNA chips – short strands of DNA bind to others – can probe if certain genetic codes are present or absent • Data can be stored - DNA 1 bit in 1 nm3 DRAM 1 bit in 1000000000000 nm3

  13. Final Words • Organic compounds attractive for electronic devices • Living systems assemble themselves from molecules – energy efficient • But extremely speculative at this stage • Most likely niche areas – infrared detection for example

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