Causes of the Civil War

1. Causes of the Civil War

2. Tariff of 1816

3. As part of the plan known as the American System, President Madison proposed this tariff. • The tariff increased the cost of foreign-made goods and thus make American goods more attractive. • In the South this tariff was known as the Tariff of Abominations

4. Missouri Compromise

5. Legislative compromise reached in 1820 that preserved the balance of free states and slave states • Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state • Banned slavery north of the line marked by extending Missouri’s southern border all the way west of the Pacific Ocean • Maintained peace for almost 30 years, until the Compromise of 1850

6. Nat Turner

7. Slave • Led the largest slave revolt in U.S. history in Virginia in 1831 • Led a band of slaves who swept across the countryside, killing nearly 60 whites before they were captured and executed • Was convinced that he was a messianic figure

8. Abolitionists

9. Blanket term for those who supported the abolition of slavery • Most famous leaders were Frederick Douglas, William Lloyd Garrison, and John Brown • Held some power in Congress, but not enough to outlaw slavery until after the south seceded and the Civil War began • Represented first by the Liberty party and later by the Free Soil party

10. William Lloyd Garrison

11. Most famous of all the abolitionist leaders • Published an abolitionist newspaper called: “The Liberator, famed for fiery rhetoric • One of the ardent abolitionists who opposed the Free Soil party.

12. Liberty Party

13. A moderate abolitionist political party that opposed the spread of slavery • Fielded candidates in the presidential elections of 1840 and 1844 • Was subsumed by the more successful Free Soil Party

14. Wilmot Proviso

15. A legislative rider introduced in 1846 by David Wilmot, a member of the House of Representatives from Pennsylvania • Proposed banning the expansion of slavery into any land taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War • Passed the House of Representatives more than a dozen times, but was always defeated in the Senate • Supporters of the Wilmot Proviso became founders of the Free-Soil Party • Was the issue that finally fractured the Whig Party

16. Compromise of 1850

17. Reached to prevent an imbalance of slave and free states after a perfect balance had been so carefully maintained, beginning with the Missouri Compromise and extended through the next 30 years • Necessary when president Zachary Taylor suggested disrupting the balance by admitting both California and New Mexico as free states (states where slavery would be illegal) • Maintained peace by creating a package of six laws that admitted California as a free state, split the Mexican Cession territory into two territories (New Mexico and Utah), resolved a boundary dispute between Texas and the New Mexico Territory, abolished the slave trade in the District of Columbia, and passed the Fugitive Slave Act • Postponed a sectional crisis between the north and the south for a few more years • Led to the final split of the Whig Party

18. Fugitive Slave Act

19. Passed as part of the Compromise of 1850 • Guaranteed slave owners the right to capture escaped slaves anywhere in the U.S. and the right to claim escaped slaves who were captured by others • Drew immense criticism from abolitionists in the north • Gave rise to personal liberty laws designed to interfere with the execution of the Fugitive Slave law in many Northern states • Inspired Harriet Beecher Stowe’s famous novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Reviewed by the Supreme Court in the case of Dred Scott V. Sandford

20. Popular Sovereignty

21. An attempt to soothe tensions during the Sectional crisis that preceded the Civil War • First made law in the Compromise of 1850 • Brainchild of Stephen Douglas • Allowed the residents of a territory to decide themselves – by referendum or by the adoption of a state constitution – whether or not they wanted to allow slavery in their territory • Led to the crisis of “Bleeding Kansas” when it was the basis for the Kansas-Nebraska Act • Was a major topic in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates

22. Republican Party

23. Formed in the mid 1850’s by northern abolitionists distressed by the passage of the Kansas Nebraska Act and the incidents in “bleeding Kansas” • Abolitionists disappointed that both the Whig Party and the Democratic Party had agreed to settle for popular sovereignty joined together in the new party • Nominated Abraham Lincoln in the election of 1860 • Controlled American politics from the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 through the end of reconstruction in 1877 • One of two dominant parties in American politics today • Other famous members included Dwight D. Eisenhower and Ronald Reagan

24. Free-Soil Party free

25. A Third Party that significantly affected American politics • Gathered many proponents of abolitionism in the years before the Civil War • Drew support from pervious supporters of both the Whig party and the Democratic party • Opposed the extension of slavery into any territory taken from Mexico and into any territory already declared “free soil” by the Missouri Compromise. • Grew out of those who supported the Wilmot Proviso • Replaced the Liberty party • Fielded candidates in the presidential elections of 1852 and 1856

26. Know-Nothing Party

27. A small political party that advocated a nativist ideology of being anti-immigrant, anti- Catholic, and anti-Jewish • Officially called the American party but earned its nickname because members, when asked about the party, answered only, “I know nothing” • Party nominated former president Millard Fillmore for the presidency in 1856 • Died out in the late 1850’s

28. Frederick Douglass

29. A former slave who documented his experiences in the famous book A Narrative of the Life of __________ _________ • Major organizer and speaker in the abolitionist movement

30. Underground Railroad

31. A secret network of abolitionists who helped blacks escape slavery in the south in the years before the Civil War • Most famous leader was former slave Harriet Tubman

32. “Bleeding Kansas”

33. Nickname for the Kansas Territory after Congress decided in 1854 that the status of slaves in Kansas would be decided by popular sovereignty • Widespread violence preceded the vote on slavery in Kansas, earning the “bleeding” moniker • The vote was plagued by fraud, as slave owners from neighboring Missouri poured into Kansas to vote • John Brown, a radical abolitionist, led a group of men in a massacre of slave owners after the abolitionist town of Lawrence, Kansas was ransacked

34. Dred Scott v. Stanford

35. 1857 Supreme Court decision on the Fugitive Slave Law • ________ ________ was a slave who had been taken by his master into the Minnesota Territory, which was free territory according to the provisions of the Missouri Compromise • ________ sued for freedom, arguing that residence on free soil made him a free man • The Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice Roger Taney, disagreed • Decision not only upheld the Fugitive Slave Law, but held that since _____ ______was not a citizen, he had no standing to seek help from the judiciary branch of the government, and therefore he had no legal rights under the Constitution • Decision caused an uproar in the abolitionist movement and added momentum to the sectional strife that led to the Civil War

36. Roger Taney

37. Close friend of President Andrew Jackson • Helped Jackson shut down the Second National Bank • In return, Jackson appointed him chief justice of the Supreme Court when John Marshall died in 1835 • Wrote a number of important decisions, including Dred Scott v. Sanford

38. John Brown

39. A radical abolitionist leader • Supported the use of violence for the end of abolition • Led a small retaliatory massacre in “Bleeding Kansas” • Led a more famous 1859 raid on the arsenal in Harper’s Ferry (then still in Virginia) with the intention of arming slaves for a revolt • Was arrested, tried, and hanged

40. Abraham Lincoln

41. Little known politician from Illinois who challenged Stephen Douglas for an Illinois seat in the Senate in 1858 • Engaged with Douglas in the Lincoln-Douglas debates, which vaulted him to widespread fame in the north • Presidential candidate of the Republican party in the 1860 election • Elected president in 1860 and 1864 • Led the Union in the Civil War against the Confederate States of America • Delivered the famous Gettysburg Address • Nicknamed “The Great Liberator” • Outlined a modest plan for Reconstruction, but was assassinated by Southern Sympathizer John Wilkes Booth in 1865, before he could implement his plan for Reconstruction • Succeeded By Andrew Johnson, who was entirely ineffectual

42. Stephen Douglass

43. Senator from Illinois in the years preceding the Civil War • National leader of the Democratic Party • One of the architects of the Compromise of 1850 • Creator of the idea of popular sovereignty and author of the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act that led to “Bleeding Kansas” • Squared off against Abraham Lincoln in a famous series of debates (known as the Lincoln-_______ debates) during the 1858 race for a seat in the Senate • He defeated Lincoln in the Senate race, but lost to him in the presidential election of 1860

44. Lincoln-Douglas debates

45. A series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas during the 1858 race for one of Illinois's seats in the Senate • Lincoln forced Douglas to enunciate his position of slavery in the wake of “Bleeding Kansas” and Dred Scott v. Sanford • Lincoln’s performance in the debates – including his famous line “A house divided against itself cannot stand” – won him widespread fame in the North • Douglas lost the debates but won the election • Lincoln’s performance set him up for the Republican party’s presidential nomination for the election of 1860 (in which he ran against Douglas)

46. Why did the northern states favor high protective tariffs? • It hurt European countries but helped all of the United States. • It made the American system a success because everyone wanted to buy American products because they were cheaper. • It provided protection for northern manufacturers from foreign competition. • It provided protection for northern manufacturers from the southern industries.

47. What was the economy of the southern states in the early 1800's? • industrial economy with slave-based labor • agricultural economy with immigrant-based labor • plantation economy with immigrant-based labor • agricultural economy with slave-based labor

48. Southerners argued that individual states could _____ laws passed by Congress and began to insist that states had entered the Union freely and could leave freely.  What term means to a state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional? • nullify • veto • appease • contain

49. What act drew an east-west line through the Louisiana Purchase making slavery prohibited above 36?30'? • Compromise of 1850 • Compromise of 1820 • Louisiana Compromise • Missouri Compromise

50. The Missouri Compromise allowed one state north of the 36?30' to be a slave state.  Which state was that? • Kansas • Missouri • Tennessee  • Nebraska