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CHAPTER 10

CHAPTER 10. GASES. Characteristics of Gases. There are three phases for all substances: solid, liquid and gases. Gases are highly compressible and occupy the full volume of their containers. When a gas is subjected to pressure, its volume decreases.

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CHAPTER 10

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  1. CHAPTER 10 • GASES

  2. Characteristics of Gases • There are three phases for all substances: solid, liquid and gases. • Gases are highly compressible and occupy the full volume of their containers. • When a gas is subjected to pressure, its volume decreases. • Gases always form homogeneous mixtures with other gases. • Gases only occupy about 0.1 % of the volume of their containers.

  3. Pressure • Pressure is the force acting on an object per unit area: • Units: psi pounds per square inch

  4. Pressure SI Units: 1 N = 1 kg.m/s2; 1 Pa = 1 N/m2. • Atmospheric pressure is measured with a barometer. • If a tube is inserted into a container of mercury open to the atmosphere, the mercury will rise 760 mm up the tube. • Standard atmospheric pressure is the pressure required to support 760 mm of Hg in a column.

  5. Pressure • force per unit area • standard pressure • 76 cm Hg • 760 mm Hg • 760 torr • 1 atmosphere • 101.3 kPa • Units: 1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 1.01325  105 Pa = 101.325 kPa. density = 13.6 g/mL

  6. Pressure • The pressures of gases not open to the atmosphere are measured in manometers. • A manometer consists of a bulb of gas attached to a U-tube containing Hg.

  7. Pressure

  8. Pressure If the U-tube is closed, then the pressure of the gas is the difference in height of the liquid (usually Hg). • If the U-tube is open to the atmosphere, a correction term needs to be added: • If Pgas < Patm then Pgas + Ph2 = Patm. • If Pgas > Patm then Pgas = Patm + Ph2.

  9. The Gas Laws Weather balloons are used as a practical consequence to the relationship between pressure and volume of a gas. • As the weather balloon ascends, the volume decreases. • As the weather balloon gets further from the earth’s surface, the atmospheric pressure decreases. • Boyle’s Law: the volume of a fixed quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure.

  10. Boyle’s Laws • Mathematically: • A plot of V versus P is a hyperbola. • Similarly, a plot of V versus 1/P must be a straight line passing through the origin.

  11. Boyle’s Laws

  12. Boyle’s Law • Vµ 1/P • V= k (1/P) or PV = k • P1V1 = k1 P2V2 = k2 • k1 = k2 (for same sample of gas @ same T) • P1V1 = P2V2 Boyle’s Law (math form) • think in terms of balloons!!!

  13. Boyle’s Law • Example At 250C a sample of He has a volume of 400 mL under a pressure of 760 torr. What volume would it occupy under a pressure of 2.00 atm at the same T?

  14. Boyle’s Law • Example At 250C a sample of He has a volume of 400 mL under a pressure of 760 torr. What volume would it occupy under a pressure of 2.00 atm at the same T?

  15. Boyle’s Law • Example At 250C a sample of He has a volume of 400 mL under a pressure of 760 torr. What volume would it occupy under a pressure of 2.00 atm at the same T?

  16. The Gas Laws We know that hot air balloons expand when they are heated. • Charles’ Law: the volume of a fixed quantity of gas at constant pressure increases as the temperature increases. • Mathematically:

  17. Charles’ Law A plot of V versus T is a straight line. • When T is measured in C, the intercept on the temperature axis is -273.15C. • We define absolute zero, 0 K = -273.15C. • Note the value of the constant reflects the assumptions: amount of gas and pressure.

  18. Charles’ Law

  19. Charles’ Law • volume of a gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature at constant pressure

  20. Charles’ Law • volume of a gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature at constant pressure

  21. Charles’ Law • volume of a gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature at constant pressure

  22. Charles’ Law • Example A sample of hydrogen, H2, occupies 100 mL at 250C and 1.00 atm. What volume would it occupy at 500C under the same pressure? T1 = 25 + 273 = 298 T2 = 50 + 273 = 323

  23. Charles’ Law • Example A sample of hydrogen, H2, occupies 100 mL at 250C and 1.00 atm. What volume would it occupy at 500C under the same pressure?

  24. Standard Temperature & Pressure • STP • P = 1.00000 atm or 101.3 kPa • T = 273 K or 00C

  25. The Gas Laws • Avogadro’s Hypothesis: equal volumes of gas at the same temperature and pressure will contain the same number of molecules. • Avogadro’s Law: the volume of gas at a given temperature and pressure is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas.

  26. Avogadro’s Law Mathematically: V = constant n. • We can show that 22.4 L of any gas at 0C contain 6.02  1023 gas molecules.

  27. The Ideal Gas Equation • Summarizing the Gas Laws Boyle: (constant n, T) Charles: V  T (constant n, P) Avogadro: V  n (constant P, T). • Combined: • Ideal gas equation:

  28. The Ideal Gas Equation • Ideal gas equation: PV = nRT. • R = gas constant = 0.08206 L•atm/mol-K. • We define STP (standard temperature and pressure) = 0C, 273.15 K, 1 atm. • Volume of 1 mol of gas at STP is 22.4 L.

  29. Ideal Gas Law • R has several values depending upon the choice of units R = 8.314 J/mol K R = 8.314 kg m2/s2 K mol R = 8.314 dm3 kPa/K mol R = 1.987 cal/K mol

  30. Ideal Gas Law • Example: What volume would 50.0 g of ethane, C2H6, occupy at 140oC under a pressure of 1820 torr?

  31. Ideal Gas Law • Example: What volume would 50.0 g of ethane, C2H6, occupy at 140oC under a pressure of 1820 torr? T = 140 + 273 = 413 K P = 1820 torr (1 atm/760 torr) = 2.39 atm 50 g (1 mol/30 g) = 1.67 mol

  32. Ideal Gas Law

  33. Ideal Gas Law

  34. Ideal Gas Law • Example: Calculate the number of moles in, and the mass of, an 8.96 L sample of methane, CH4, measured at standard conditions.

  35. Ideal Gas Law

  36. Ideal Gas Law • Example: Calculate the pressure exerted by 50.0 g of ethane, C2H6, in a 25.0 L container at 25oC.

  37. Ideal Gas Law

  38. The Ideal Gas Law If PV = nRT and n and T are constant, then PV = constant and we have Boyle’s law. • Other laws can be generated similarly. • In general, if we have a gas under two sets of conditions, then

  39. Ideal Gas Law • Example: A sample of nitrogen gas, N2, occupies 750 mL at 750C under a pressure of 810 torr. What volume would it occupy at standard conditions?

  40. Example: A sample of nitrogen gas, N2, occupies 750 mL at 750C under a pressure of 810 torr. What volume would it occupy at standard conditions?

  41. Ideal Gas Laws • A sample of methane, CH4, occupies 260 mL at 32oC under a pressure of 0.500 atm. At what temperature would it occupy 500 mL under a pressure of 1200 torr?

  42. Ideal Gas Laws

  43. Molar Mass and Density • Density has units of mass over volume. • Rearranging the ideal-gas equation with M as molar mass we get

  44. Molar Mass and Density The molar mass of a gas can be determined as follows: Volumes of Gases in Chemical Reactions • The ideal-gas equation relates P, V, and T to number of moles of gas. • The n can then be used in stoichiometric calculations.

  45. Molar Mass and Density • Example: One mole of a gas occupies 36.5 L and its density is 1.36 g/L at a given T & P. (a)What is its molar mass? (b)What is its density at STP?

  46. Molar Mass and Density • Example: One mole of a gas occupies 36.5 L and its density is 1.36 g/L at a given T & P. (a)What is its molar mass? (b)What is its density at STP?

  47. Molar Mass and Density • Example: One mole of a gas occupies 36.5 L and its density is 1.36 g/L at a given T & P. (a)What is its molar mass? (b)What is its density at STP?

  48. Determination of Molar Mass & Formulas of Gaseous Compounds • Example: A compound that contains only carbon & hydrogen is 80.0% C and 20.0% H by mass. At STP 546 mL of the gas has a mass of 0.732 g . What is the molecular (true) formula for the compound? 100 g of compound contains: 80 g of C & 20 g of H

  49. Determination of Molar Mass & Formulas of Gaseous Compounds

  50. Determination of Molar Mass & Formulas of Gaseous Compounds

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