Management of Space in Pediatric Dentistry

1. Management of Space in Pediatric Dentistry Dr Seyed Ebrahim Jabbarifar :Associate professor Isfahan Dental School Pedodontic department 2009

2. Etiology of Early Primary Tooth Loss • Extraction or destruction: • extensive caries or traumatic injury • Premature exfoliation: • abnormal root resorption (e.g. ectopic eruption) • systemic disorders or hereditary syndromes Hypophosphatasia Rickets Acrodynia Histiocytosis X triad Leukemia Cherubism Juvenile Periodontitis Dentinal dysplasia Cyclic neutropenia Papillon-Lefevre syndrome

3. Function: prevent undesirable tooth mvmt following the premature loss of a primary tooth i.e. Mesial migration of posterior segments and lingual collapse of anterior segments Negative Tooth Mvmt: Reduction or loss of space required by succeeding tooth Considerable influence on dental dvlpt well into adolescence and adult age Functions of a Space Maintainer

4. Functions of a Space Maintainer • Maintain space • Prevent mvmt adjacent teeth • Provide masticatory fx • Prevent overeruption of opposing teeth • Improve esthetics • Assist in speech (anterior segments) • Aid in control of deleterious oral habits Note: appliance must neither inhibit nor deflect normal growth changes

5. Ideal Prerequisites of a Space Maintainer • Simple to construct and maintain • Durable, strong, stable • Passive • Easily cleanable and not enhance dental caries or soft tissue pathology • Readily adjustable for flexible application

6. Factors to consider when planning a space maintainer: • Question: “When should a space maintainer be placed?” • General Rule: “Whenever the clinical situation will allow space loss to encroach on the arch length needed for the unerupted permanent teeth, giving due consideration to the patients dental health, motivation, and occlusion status”.

7. Factors to consider when planning a space maintainer: • Dental and periodontal condition • Arch length • Presence/absence of permanent successor • Time elapsed since loss of primary tooth • Status of first permanent molar eruption • Status of permanent successor’s development and eruption potential • Cooperation level of child and parents • Which tooth is lost, in which arch, at what time?

8. A space maintainer may not be required if there is: 1. Existence of cuspal interference. 2. Widely spaced primary dentition. 3. If succeeding tooth is expected to erupt within 6 months. 4. If present space is not adequate for the succeeding tooth. 5. The possibility of future orthodontic work. 6. Where the opposing 6's are locked into a desirable and stable relationship

9. Suggested that succeeding tooth will most likely erupt within 6 months if: 1. 75% of the root is present on the succeeding tooth. 2. Less than 1 mm of alveolar bone is covering succeeding tooth. 3. Destruction of the alveolar bone occurred when the primary tooth was lost. 4. Mixed-dentition is in its later stages.

10. Adverse Effects • Dislodged, broken, and lost appliances • Plaque accumulation • Caries • Interference with successor eruption • Undesirable tooth mvmt • Inhibition of alveolar growth • Soft tissue impingement • Pain

11. Prior to obtaining the consent, parents should be informed that: 1. Space maintainer requires monitoring. 2. Patient must maintain adequate OH. 3. Appliance may break, requiring repair or replacement. 4. Broken appliances are hazardous to the child and will be ineffective. 5. Even properly maintained appliances may fail to preserve the space. It is necessary to obtain parental awareness and understanding related to space maintenance.

12. Premature loss of anterior teeth? • 1 Incisors: • no decrease in intracanine dimensions if loss after eruption of canines • Need SM?: Not necessary • 1 Canines: • common loss due to ectopic eruption of permanent lateral incisors • Need SM?: consider LLHA with spur or elective extraction of canine

13. Comprehensive evaluation: determine if space maint. is indicated for: a) First primary molar b) Second primary molar c) Multiple tooth loss Priority:2nd M > 1st M > Canine > Incisor Premature loss of posterior teeth?

14. Classification and Types of Space Maintainer Appliances • Unilateral fixed: • Band & loop / Crown & loop • Distal shoe • Bilateral fixed • Lower lingual holding arch • Transpalatal arch • Nance appliance • Removable • Modifications of Hawley retainer design

15. Premature loss of posterior teeth:1st Primary Molar • Little/no space loss prior to eruption of 1st PM • Need SM if: in full primary dentition or approximating eruption of 1st PM • No SM if: after 1st PM have erupted • Following appliances are indicated: a) Band and loop b) SSC and loop

16. Max molar: M tipping, bodily mvmt, MB rotation around palatal root Mand molar: M and lingual tipping, slight bodliy mvmt; also retroclination of anterior teeth Following appliances are indicated: a) Lingual arch/TPA/Nance b) Band & loop c) Distal shoe appliance - prior to eruption of 1st PM Premature loss of posterior teeth:2nd Primary Molar

17. Following appliances are indicated: a) Transpalatal arch b) Nance appliance c) Lingual arch d) Removable Premature loss of posterior teeth:Multiple Teeth

18. Loss of primary molar prior/during period of eruption of 1st perm M. Anywhere in posterior following a time lapse b/w loss of tooth and eruption of its permanent successor. Loss of 2 post teeth or bilateral situations rarely used SM: Band and LoopIndications

19. 1. Easy to construct. 2. Inexpensive. Easily adjusted. 4. Allows eruption of permanent tooth. 5. Non invasive. 6. Painless. SM: Band and LoopAdvantages

20. Masticatory function. Not restored Extrusion of opposing dentition. Not prevented Normal distal mvmt of primary cuspids during eruption of perm lateral incisor Not allowed if placed for the early loss of mand 1st primary molar SM: Band and LoopDisadvantages

21. Band: stainless steel material 0.005 inches in thickness Crib: portion of the wire spanning the edentulous space Loop: portion of the wire contacting the abutting tooth 0.032 inches in diameter SM: Band and LoopConstruction

22. Premature loss of primary posterior teeth. Base for aesthetic restoration in loss of anterior teeth. 3. Used as a base for habit appliance. SM: Lingual ArchIndications

23. 1. Maintains est. arch form. 2. Allows eruption of perm teeth w/o interference. 3. Not easily displaced. 4. Ease of cleaning for proper OH. 5. Can be modified easily to serve in many situations. 6. Patient comfort. 1. Does not prevent extrusion of opposing teeth. 2. Not advisable to band teeth which are: Hypoplastic Hypocalcified Highly prone to caries. 3. Can promote decay in non-compliant patients. SM: Lingual ArchAdvantages Disadvantages

24. Band: Stainless steel material 0.005 inches in thickness (ortho bands) Lingual arch wire: Stainless steel round wire 0.036 inches in thickness SM: Fixed Lingual ArchConstruction

25. SM: Nance ApplianceMaxillary arch: multiple tooth loss Indications: The same as for fixed lingual arch Construction: Bands: Stainless steel material 0.005 inches in thickness Palatal wire: Stainless steel round wire 0.036 inches in thickness

26. What would you do? G.T. age 5 after the removal of a necrotic #85

27. What would you do? N.S. age 7 requires extraction of tooth #75.

28. What would you do? P.G. age 8 requires pulp treatment and stainless steel crown restorations for teeth #54 and #55

29. What would you do? M.M. age 8 is scheduled for a recall visit.

30. Thank You