An error analysis of advanced KFL learners’ writing corpus and its pedagogical implications

1. An error analysis of advanced KFL learners’ writing corpus and its pedagogical implications Yeonhee Yoon University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 2013 AATK

2. Why Error analysis? • Error analysis is significant since it reveals how far the learner has progressed and provides useful evidence of the processes by which a language is learnt. • Error Analysis isnecessary since it provides the foundation for methodologies and teaching material development to reduce errors via understanding learners’ interlanguage.

3. Objectives of study • To investigate the types and frequencies of errors in advanced KFL learners’ writing corpus • To compare the types and frequencies of errors between HL (heritage learners) and NHL (non-heritage learners). • To suggest what to teach and howto incorporate the result of this error analysis in the curriculum of the advanced level of Korean.

4. 5 Steps of Error Analysis Corder (1990) 1. Collect data 2. Identify errors 3. Classify errors 4. Analyze errors 5. Remediate errors

5. Data Collection • Advanced KFL learners’ writing corpus prior to feedback • Mid-term and final writing assignments in Korean Language and Culture Class (Korean Language Flagship M.A. Program, UHM) • The size of Writing corpus: 37,258 ecel (words)

6. Table 1. Distribution of students

7. Table2. Students’ Level of OPI basedon ACTFL scale

8. Criteria for identifying errors • Corder (1971) • Well-formedness • Acceptability • Appropriateness • Lee, Jung-Hee (2003: 69-70) • Grammaticality • Acceptability • Kim, Yoo-Jeong (2005): excluded the expressions that do not affect and are acceptable in the context as errors

9. Errors in Collocation • Sino Korean collocation • … 한국은[P] 만일 친환경 기술을 *발달[CL]하는 강대국으로 부상하게 된다면 10, 20년 후에 선진국들이[P] 에너지 고갈로 한국의 친환경 기술에 대한 수요가 급증할 것으로 보인다. (NHL #1) • 예를 들어 미국은 이라크 전쟁을 계속 할 수 있도록 중국한테 어마어마한 액수의 장기 채권을 팔았고, 프랑스가 핵에너지 시설을 장비[CL]하는데 드는 비용을 인도는 부담하고 있다. (NHL #2) • Native Korean collocation • 예를 들어, 친할머니가 아니더라도 나이가 많은 여성을 가족처럼 삼고[CL] “할머니”라고 부르는 것은 사회의 집단성을 구체화하며 유지시키는 것이다. (NHL #3) • 만약 한국이 미국 시장에 더 강하게 진출하기 위해서 현지생산체제의 규모를 확대한다면 한국 대기업들은 이윤을 올리겠지만 국민으로[P] 흘러내려가는[CL]이익은 그다지 많지 않을 것이다. (NHL #4) 개발 설치 여기고 돌아가는

10. Errors in Spelling • 한미동맹관계는 군사동맹으로부터 시작해서 50년을 넘*께[게] 이어*저[져] 왔다. (HL #1) • 이것*으로[을] 통해 한국은 수출과 무역*에[의] 돌파구를 마련할 수 있었다.(HL #1) typo error

11. Errors in Particles (e.g.1) 가지런히 뻗어 있는 두 선*에서[P] 담겨진 의미에 대해 생각 해볼 필요가 있다. (NHL #5) (e.g.2) 또 수십 년의 독재정권*으로[P] 거치면서 이런 이데올로기가 영구화되었다. (HL #5) (e.g.4) 한국의 경제는 최근 부진에서 벗어나 새 도약기*가[P] 맞으면좋을 것이다. (NHL #6) 에 을 를

12. Errors in Noun Modifying Form • 한국은 최첨단 기술을[P] 발달*하는[NM]나라로서 굉장히 유리한 위치에 서 있으나 이를 제대로 쓰지 못하고 있는 것 같다. (NHL #6) • …인터넷 등 통신기술의 첨단을 달리는 한국보다 미국의 연구와 개발이 부족하고 철도와 도로 건설에 뛰어*나는[NM] 유럽보다 턱없이 부족하다. (NHL#4) 한 난

13. Error in Negative Polarity • 한일합병으로 인하여 13년 *동안[NP] 역사가 지속되지 못했던 대한제국은 그 짧은 역사에도 불구하고 한반도에 큰 발자국을 남겼다. (NHL#6) • ~밖에 (NP) + negative expression (-못하다 etc.) 밖에

14. Result

15. Table 3. Error Types and Frequencies of NHLs The result shown in the Table 3 indicates thatthe most frequently occurring error type in NHLs’ writing corpus is collocation(23%) followed by particles(18%), word choice (11%).

16. Figure 1. Error Types and Mean of Frequency of NHLs

17. Table 4. Error Types and Frequencies of HLs As shown in the Table 4, the result indicates thatthe most frequently occurring error type in HLs’ writing corpus is collocation(18.6%) followed by spelling(17.8%), word choice(14.4%) and particles (13.6%).

18. Figure 2. Error Types and Mean of Frequency of HLs

19. Table 5. Error Types and Frequency of NHLs and HLs As shown in the Table 5, there are differences between NHLs and HLs in error types such as particles, spelling, and collocation. t-test will be conducted for the statistical analysis. Interestingly, the frequency of spelling error of HLs (17.8%) is higher than that of NHLs (5.2%). HLs tend to spell how they pronounce.

20. Summary of Results • The most frequently occurred error type in both NHLs’ and HLs’ writing corpus is collocation. • NHLs make more errors in collocation and particles than HLs do. • HLs have more errors in spelling than NHLs have since HLs tend to spell how they pronounce. • There were more lexical errors than syntactic errors in the advanced KLF learners writing corpus.

21. Pedagogical Implications • Raising teachers’ awareness of common types of errors in advanced KFL learners’ writing for diagnostic purposes. • Providing teachers with the necessary information for designing effective and remedial teaching methods and materials in order to promote the KFL learners’ writing ability for prognostic purposes.

22. Suggestion • Lexical errors such as word choice, collocation • Have the students to list all errors they made • Search for the selected word from Sejong corpus and choose three-five sentences so that the students understand the meaning of words through context. http://www.sejong.or.kr/gopage.php?svc=simplesearch.words • Compose their own sentence.

24. Shortcomings & Further Studies • Small size of data need to build the larger corpus • Develop teaching materials in depth • Investigate the factors causing the errors

25. Conclusion • There were more lexical errors than syntactic errors in the advanced KLF learners’ writing corpus. • It is beneficial to make the list of learner errors and to develop teaching materials using corpus. • Certain syntactic features and lexical collocations in Korean should be taught explicitly as a critical part of second language acquisition in writing instruction for advanced KLF learners in order to reach a native-like proficiency level.

26. References • Corder, S.P. (1990) Error analysis and interlanguage. • Ellis, N.C. (2001). Memory for language in P. Robinsson (ed.), Cognition and Second language instruction. Cambridge; Cambridge University Press. • Lennon, Paul (1991). Error: some problems of definition, identification, and distinction. Applied Linguistics 12. pp.180-196. • Doughty, C. & Williams, J. (1998). Focus on form in classroom second language acquisition, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. • Sohn (1986) Patterns of American students’ composition errors in Korean. Linguistic Expeditions. pp. 487-526. Hanshin Press. • 고석주 외 (2004). 한국어 학습자 말뭉치와 오류 분석. 한국문화사 • 김유정 (2005). 한국어 학습자 말뭉치 오류분석의 기준 연구. Journal of Korean Language Education 16-1:45-75. • 김정숙 김유정(2003). 한국어 학습자 말뭉치 구축을 위한 기초 연구 이중언어학 21 pp. 97-119 이중언어학회 • 안경화, 양명희 (2003) 중간언어 의미 체계 정립을 위한 오류 분석의 실제. 어문연구 118. pp. 403-425. • 이승연 (2007). 한국어 학습자 오류의 판정 및 수정 기준 연구. • 왕혜숙 (1995). 영어화자의 한국어 작문에 나타난 어휘상 오류분석 • 장미경(2009). 한국어 고급 학습자의 연어습득양상 연구. 이중언어학 39, 293-316.

27. 감사합니다.

28. Comment 1 : This is a well developed research design. However, the comparative study between HL and NHL is already well known among Korean instructors. More detailed and applicable pedagogical suggestion might have been more useful. Comment 2 : Very well organized format. Comment 3 : The corpus study on HL versus NHL errors in the ADVANCED level is especially useful in that it identifies forms that are difficult for L2 learners to acquire, which in turn gives pedagogical implication for curriculum design for lower levels. Furthermore, error analysis for HL learners also reveals which forms are stabilized and thus provide insight to HL learner interlanguage and how language exposure from home has influenced their language acquisition.

29. Views on Errors • Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis • Interference: Fries (194), Lado (1957): • Interlanguage Hypothesis • Interlanguage (Selinker 1972), Transitional Competence (Corder 1971), Learner Language (Gass & Selinker 1994:13) • Fossilization • Error Analysis Hypothesis • a method used to document the systematic errors that appear in learner language.

30. Collocation 연어 (collocation) 특정 맥락에서 하나의 어휘적 요소가 이어지는 어휘를 선택하는 관계, 두 어휘가 통사적, 의미적 결합 관계이면서 어휘적 선택 관계를 가지고 있는 구 (이승연, 최은지 2007:303) • Lexical collocation (related to the word usage) • 박차를 가하다. • 노력을기울이다. • 정부를 수립하다. • ~에게 이익이돌아가다. • Grammatical collocation (a phrase consisting of a dominant word or grammatical structure) • -에대해서 • -를 통해서 • 후 주석은 또 미.중의 *강화 협력[WO]과 동아시아의 평화에Ø [CL ] 언급했다