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Thursday Lecture – Legumes, continued; Leaf, Stem and Root Crops. Reading: Textbook, Chapter 7. Roundup Ready Wheat. The Latest Battlefield in the “Biotech Wars”: Roundup Ready Crops: corn, soybeans, cotton None of these have major use in human consumption
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Thursday Lecture – Legumes, continued; Leaf, Stem and Root Crops Reading: Textbook, Chapter 7
Roundup Ready Wheat • The Latest Battlefield in the “Biotech Wars”: • Roundup Ready Crops: corn, soybeans, cotton • None of these have major use in human consumption • Roundup Ready Wheat: produced and marketed by Monsanto • major use of wheat = human food • major export crop ( Japan, Europe) • Worry: if any farmers grown GM Wheat, some importers (Japan) will ban all wheat from U.S. all farmers will lose this market
Quiz • Name on Old World legume and a New World legume • Where exactly in a legume plant does nitrogen fixation occur. Be specific.
New World Beans – 1. Lima Beans Phaeolus lunata – Mexico to Peru, independently domesticated in the two areas. Mostly used dry. Wild plants and some cultivars contain cyanogenic glycosides – release toxic cyanide (cooking destroys compounds)
New World Beans – 2. Common Beans Phaseolus vulgaris – source of many types Another independent domesticate in Mexico and South America
New World Beans – 2. Common Beans Phaseolus vulgaris – source of many types Another independent domesticate in Mexico and South America
Beans, Beans, Beans Selection for the variations in the seed in color and size have produced a bewildering number of variants, several of which have widespread use in our country. Kidney bean Black bean Pinto bean
Another New World Legume - Peanut Arachis hypogaea – peanut, ground nut, goober central South America
Forage Legumes – Sitting in the Clover Alfalfa – Medicago sativa - king of forage crops – associated with horse husbandry
Forage Legumes – Sitting in the Clover Alfalfa – Medicago sativa - king of forage crops – associated with horse husbandry Clovers – Trifolium Lespedeza Sweet Clovers - Melilotus
Coleus stem apex – from side Leaf Primordium Apical Meristem Procambium Bud Primordium Ground Meristem Cell Elongation and Differentiation Coleus Shoot Apex See Text Fig. 7.4, p. 157
Coleus stem apex – from top See Text Fig. 7.4, p. 157
Cole Crops – Cabbage and its Relatives See Fig. 7.13, p. 168
Brassica – The Pungent Genus See Fig. 7.12, p. 167 Brassicaceae = Cruciferae Biennial Habit
Cole Crops – Cabbage Structure See Fig. 7.15, p. 169 Leaf Lateral bud Stem
Cole Crops – Stems and Axillary Buds See Fig. 7.13, p. 168 Brussels sprouts kohlrabi
Cole Crops – Modified Inflorescences See Fig. 7.13, p. 168 Cauliflower Broccoli
Turnips – Brassica campestris See Fig. 7.16, p. 170
See Fig. 7.18, p. 172 Lettuce Lactuca sativa – Asteraceae (Compositae)
See Fig. 7.24, p. 176 Artichoke Cynara scolymus - Asteraceae
Celery – Petioles in your Soup See Fig. 7.19, p. 173
Celeriac – Celery Root See Fig. 7.20, p. 173
Carrots Gone Wild - Queen Anne’s Lace See Fig. 7.21, p. 174 Apiaceae = Umbelliferae
Baby carrots – a product of the “Soccer Mom” age Baby carrots are produced by using specially bred forms that produce a long, thin storage root. The roots are carefully selected to eliminate discolored or malformed ones, and then are sliced into short pieces (2-3 inches). The pieces are further checked for color (they must have no hint of green) and are sent through a lathe device that smoothes the ends. The final product is ready to eat in a convenient form.
Asparagus – Eat Your Lilies See Fig. 7.25, p. 177
Onions – Allium cepa See Fig. 7.27, p. 179
Leeks – Another Allium See Fig. 7.27, p. 179
Bulbs Bulbs Succulent Storage Leaves Stem Adventitious Roots Big buds on short stems
Corms Corms: short fat underground stems
Rhizomes Rhizomes: simple underground stems Hydrocotyle Petioles reach above the sand Nodes Apex of Rhizome Adventitious Roots
Tubers Tubers: swollen ends of rhizomes
Corm - Crocus STEMS Bulb - onion Tuber - potato
Irish Potato Solanum tuberosum
The Amazing Spud - The potato is a short duration crop that produces a large amount of calories in a short period of time - The potato produces more protein and calories per unit area per unit time and per unit of water than any other major plant food. - The ratio of protein to calories, the quality of the protein and the high levels of vitamins and minerals are assets greatly needed in many countries.
Potatoes Travel to Europe Frederick the Great encouraging peasants to grow more potatoes Vincent van Gogh painting: “The potato eaters” (Belgium)
Potato Blight Healthy leaf Potato Blight: Phytophthora infestans (fungus) Potatoes damaged by blight Blighted leaf
The Irish Potato Blight Ireland – potato became staple crop in 1800s functionally monoculture – political & cultural considerations 1840s – potato blight hit: population 8 million 6 million - 1 million people died; 1.5 million people immigrated to Australia & U.S.A.
Potato Culture – Increasing Mechanization Holland Potato Farms 100 years apart 1870 1970
Improving Potato Yields Despite appearances, not yet a priority for the Green Revolution
Tuesday Lecture – Stem and Root Crops Reading: Textbook, Chapter 7