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Time Period VI

Time Period VI. 1900 - Present. Why 1900? The cut off right before the build-up of World War I Industrialization firmly in control Huge revolutions in first 2 decades of 1900s in Mexico, Russia, & China Pass Politics is developing New technologies, sciences and the modern age

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Time Period VI

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  1. Time Period VI 1900 - Present

  2. Why 1900? • The cut off right before the build-up of World War I • Industrialization firmly in control • Huge revolutions in first 2 decades of 1900s in Mexico, Russia, & China • Pass Politics is developing • New technologies, sciences and the modern age • Cars mass produced • Airplanes • Radio

  3. Causes of WWI • Imperialism, Nationalism, Militarism, Alliances • Imperialism • Fighting for land to take (Africa, Asia, islands) • Once its all taken, they take from the other takers • Nationalism • Pride in your country, need for self-rule • Austria-Hungary, Serbia • Miliatrism • Rapid building up of military • Happens because of fears of others’ powers • Easy to do because of the new technology (industrial revolution) • Maxim Gun (machine gun) • Alliances • European countries unite, making an attack on one an attack on all

  4. Immediate cause • Assassination of Franz Ferdinand (Austria Hungary) and his wife • Hanging out in a part of AH that was just taken from Serbia • Killed by nationalist terrorist, GavrilloPrincip of the Black Hand

  5. The War (1914-1918) • Trench warfare, new weaponry (machine gun, submarine, tank) • Trench foot • Mustard Gas • Barbed wire • Tanks • Machine gun • Submarines (by Germany) • LOTS of Colonial Troops serve (millions) • 14 Points calling for National Soverignty

  6. Trench Warfare • Conditions in the trenches were poor, and common infections included dysentery, typhus, and cholera. • Many soldiers suffered from parasites and related infections. • Poor hygiene also led to fungal conditions, such as trench mouth and trench foot. • Another common killer was exposure, since the temperature within a trench in the winter could easily fall below freezing

  7. Soldiers from colonies fought (India, Australia, Africa) • Gives natives an opportunity to see “the world” and get a western education • Some will return to run out their colonizers b/c they see they’re not as strong as thought • British convince the Arabs to unite against Ottomans (Lawrence of Arabia)  Hussein McMahon Correspondance!!! • Nationalism in Turkey under Mustafa Kemal  Turks create nationalistic modern state • Russia withdraws due to Russian Revolution/ US enters and dominates!

  8. Effects • Treaty of Versailles – ends the war • Austria & Hungary separated into modern nation-states instead of old-school empire, Germany needed to pay reparations, League of Nations created • Germany had to sign “War Guilt Clause” • The government in charge of Germany stinks, and thinks it can print tons of money to pay the debt after the stock market crashes • This causes ultra inflation (1 US dollar = 1,000,000,000,000 marks) • Rise of National Socialist Workers Party (Nazis)

  9. President Woodrow Wilson (14 Points) calls for self-determination inspires decolonization movements • Self-determination – when a country creates its own government • Example: Vietnam’s Independence documents(Ho Chi Minh) • Should be ruled by Vietnamese, not French • League of Nations – a treaty group created by Wilson to stop a war from happening again. It doesn’t work, hence the name World War II. • Women in west get the right to vote • Because they help in the factories while the men are at war • Happens in US afterWWI • Other countries afterWWII

  10. Ottoman empire gone • Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) overthrows sultan and becomes first president of Turkey • Super example of nationalism • Becomes secularized • Western legal code • Democratic government • Secular nationin the Middle East

  11. Disillusionment with war • People are pro-war before WWI • After, they see the realities of it • Books and art show how horrible it can be (Guernica – Picasso’s painting of Spanish Civil War during 1930s)

  12. Mandate system in place in the Middle East: • Set up so Middle East countries are controlled by European countries • Balfour Declaration = Britain backs Zionists (those who call for a Jewish homeland) • Sykes – Picot Agreement = • France in Syria and Lebanon • Britain in Palestine, Jordan and Iraq • Can you see even more building drama between the West and the Middle East? • France also takes Vietnam back (French Indochina)

  13. Between the Wars • Notion that WWI, interwar period and WWII are one big war • Boom in the 1920s/ Worldwide depression in the 1930s • US stock market crashes, makes world stock market crash • Because US lent money to Germany, other European countries to pay war debt • Everyone defaults on their loans • Industrialized nations = everyone out of work/ Colonies = squeezed even harder

  14. Reorganized governments: • Fascism in Italy (Mussolini) and Germany (rise of Hitler) • Extreme nationalism • Economic corporatism (basically state-run) • Usually about restoring some past glory • Italy with ancient Rome • Germany with the Holy Roman Empire (Third Reich) • The good of the country is more important than the good of the individual • Government can take rights away from individuals if it serves a purpose

  15. Japan becomes an aggressor • Invades Manchuria (northeast China) in 1931 • Is this really when WWII began? • Invades China proper in 1937 (Rape of Nanking)

  16. Increased Wartime Casualties especially Civilians! • The Rape of Nanjing • 250,000 to 300,000 Chinese civilians and unarmed soldiers were killed by the Japanese Imperial Army. • Widespread rape and looting also occurred.

  17. Japanese Empire 1932-1942

  18. Uses formerly-French Indochina (Vietnam) for oil and iron • Use formerly-Dutch Indonesia for rubber • US puts on sanctions

  19. Lenin/Stalin (USSR)

  20. Mussolini – Italy

  21. Hitler: Germany

  22. Hirohito - Japan

  23. World War I and World War II were the first “total wars.” • Total war = entire country is part of the war • Factories making weapons • Women working • Children collecting cans to donate to war effort • RATIONING & PLANNED ECONOMIES • War bonds = giving money to gov for the war, will be paid back in ten years

  24. Governments used all resources for war • Forced conscription = “the draft” • Propaganda (radio, television, film, posters) • Colonial holdings • Africans, Indians forced to fight in WWI • Pushed nationalism, communism and socialism as reasons to fight

  25. When did WWII begin? • Asian answer: When Japan invaded China (1937) • European answer: When Hitler takes Poland (1939) • American answer: When Japan bombed Pearl Harbor (1941) • Policy of appeasement towards German aggression • Because no one wants to go to war again • Nevil Chamberlain – signs away Czechoslovakia to Hitler for “Peace in Our Time.”

  26. Hitler invades Poland (1939) • Axis (bad guys) and Allies (good guys) • Uses blitzkrieg (planes bombing and tanks on the ground for cleanup) • Steamrolls through France • Hitler and Stalin had a non-aggression pact • Hitler breaks pact and invades the Soviet Union • Now Germany is fighting on two fronts • Britainto the west, Russia to the east • Russia wins by retreating, just like they did with Napoleon

  27. D-Day • European Western Frontturning point in WWII • Allies storm the beaches in France, take it back and march to Hitler in Germany • Pacific • Allies firebomb Tokyo • Truman decides to use the A Bomb instead of invading Japan • Thought it would reduce Allied causalities • Only two atomic bombs ever dropped

  28. The Bomb • Truman takes over when FDR dies. Decides whether to use the nuke or not. • JPN invasion would be hard. JPN fortified their main islands. Island hopping & battles like Iwo Jima showed this fact. • First bomb over Hiroshima, 3 days later over Nagasaki • August 14th, 1945 Victory in Japan day.

  29. Effects of World War II: • Staggering loss of life (over 60 million) • Soviet Union loses 20 million civilian and soldiers (most deaths in the war, followed by China in Asia) • Holocaust • 6 million Jews, 12 million all together • State of Israel created 1947 by Allies • Spurs Zionism & creation of Israel in 1948 • Muslims living there already (Palestinians) are ticked • United Nations replaces League of Nations and headquarters moved to US • US & USSR = major powers after the war

  30. More effects of WWII: • New tactics in war (fire bombings Tokyo by US, atomic bombs) = huge civilian toll • Nuclear age begins • Nuclear power • Environmental damage (Chernobyl, Fukushima) • More rights for women after WWII • Suffrage around most of the world • Colonies get independence (From 1945-1980, 90 countries get independence) • US and Soviet Union emerge as superpowers and the Cold War begins • Drama of the Cold War moves from 1945-1990 • Ends with the fall of the USSR in 1989-1991

  31. Russian, Mexican, Chinese Revolutions all regarding land redistribution • Framed as revolt of the proletariat to take land from the bourgeoisie in Russia & 1949 Rev in China

  32. Russian Revolution • Ends 300 year Romanov Dynasty • WWI showed Russia how behind they were • Czar Nicholas II was a crappy leader • More worried about war than Russian people

  33. Also, Rasputin.

  34. Bolsheviks led by Lenin’s call for Peace, Land, and Bread! • Starts as a labor union • Organizes the workers to revolt • Led by Vanguard (different from Marxist ideas) • Civil War between Red (communist) and White (anti-communist) armies • Nationalism joins communism here • USSR eventually established • Union of Socialist Soviet Republics

  35. Different versions of communism: • Marx used the industrial workers in his revolution • Lenin believed that professionals should lead the revolution • Mao in China used the peasants in his revolution • China was not industrialized, so there was no working class to use • Both basically revise Marx

  36. Lenin’s New Economic Policy (communism with a little capitalism like Deng Xiaoping in China) • Farmers grow crops  give much to gov’t • Could sell off any extra • Should make an incentive for them to grow more • Lenin spreads communism with Comintern (Communist International) • Spur anti-colonial/Communist movements inKorea, China, & Vietnam • All with the idea of nationalism behind it • Why should we be controlled by outsiders?

  37. Lenin dies and Stalin takes over • 5 Year Plans (call to industrialize) • Collectivization (took over farm land) • Government collects crops strictly • Kulak class resists violently • Forced famine & starvation across USSR • Makes Stalin responsible for millions of deaths • Similar to Mao Zedong’s Great Leap Forward • Consolidates his power with Purges

  38. Hitler and Stalin comparison: • Both had kill counts in the top 10 in history: coersion • Both used camps • Gulags out in Siberia in USSR • Punishment for enemies of the state • Concentration camps in Germany • Leaders of totalitarian states • Total control by a dictator over economy, religion, culture • Stalin used collectivization and Hitler did not • Ideologies were vastly opposed

  39. Cold War (US versus USSR): • Capitalism versus Communism (Iron curtain speech by Churchill) • Germany split into communist east, capitalist west • Berlin Wall (1961) • Symbol of the Iron Curtain • East is communist (Controlled by USSR), West is capitalist (Controlled by Allies)

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