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Advances of Japan in the Pacific, Allied Victories, and the End of the War

This text explores the advances made by Japan in the Pacific in late 1941 and 1942, the key Allied victories that turned the tide of the war, the strategy of the United States in reconquering the Pacific Islands, the importance of the battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa, and how the Manhattan Project brought the war to an end.

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Advances of Japan in the Pacific, Allied Victories, and the End of the War

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  1. OBJECTIVE: The War in the Pacific Chapter 25, Section 4 • What advances did Japan make in Asia and the Pacific in late 1941 and 1942? • Which Allied victories turned the tide of war in the Pacific? • What was the strategy of the United States in the struggle to reconquer the Pacific Islands? • Why were the battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa important? • How did the Manhattan Project bring the war to an end?

  2. DO NOW Read p. 846 and answer the following: • What other American targets were attacked in late 1941 – early 1942? • What was the specific Japanese objective in attacking these targets?

  3. The Japanese Advance, 1941–1942 Chapter 25, Section 4 • The Japanese struck Pearl Harbor (DATE????) and Clark Field in the Philippines, in an attempt to gain military control in the Western Pacific. • GOAL?????? • By March 1942, they had swept aside British, American, and Dutch naval power in Southeast Asia and brought a wide band of colonies into the Japanese empire. • On May 6, 1942, the Philippines fell to Japanese forces. The Japanese then captured some 76,000 Filipinos and Americans as prisoners of war.

  4. Pacific theatre

  5. They were taken on a brutal 6- to 12-day journey that became known as the Bataan Death March, in which they were denied water and rest. • Those who became too weak were executed. At least 10,000 prisoners died. Those who survived were sent to primitive prison camps where 15,000 or more died. • Later in the war these camps were liquidated similarly to what happened in Jewish ghettos during the holocaust.

  6. Coral Sea • The brutality of the Japanese soldiers defied accepted international standards for humane treatment of prisoners spelled out in 1929 at the third Geneva Convention. • China joined the Allies to fight against Japan, but was quickly defeated. • In May 1942, Japanese and American naval forces engaged in the Battle of the Coral Sea. This battle caused enormous damage on both sides. In the end, it was a draw, but it prevented the Japanese from invading Australia.

  7. Midway Chapter 25, Section 4 • On June 4, 1942, the Japanese hoped to destroy the United States Pacific Fleet by luring them into a battle near Midway Island. • The Americans, who appeared to be losing at first, surprised the Japanese as they were refueling planes. The Americans sank four Japanese carriers. • The Japanese lost some 250 planes and most of their skilled pilots. They were unable to launch any more offensive operations in the Pacific. • This victory for the Allies allowed them to take the offensive in the Pacific.

  8. Guadalcanal • A major goal for the Allies was to capture Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands, where the Japanese were building an airfield. • When more than 11,000 marines landed on the island in August 1942, the Japanese soldiers fled into the jungle. • The Battle of Guadalcanal provided the marines with their first taste of jungle warfare. After five months, the Japanese were finally defeated.

  9. Struggle for the Islands Chapter 25, Section 4 • From Guadalcanal, American forces began island-hopping, a military strategy of selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others. This strategy allowed the Americans to move more quickly toward their ultimate goal—Japan itself. • In October 1944, American troops invaded the Philippine island of Leyte. • As the ground troops battled inland, the greatest naval battle in world history developed off the coast. More than 280 warships took part in the three-day Battle of Leyte Gulf.

  10. OBJECTIVE: The War in the Pacific Chapter 25, Section 4 • What was the strategy of the United States in the struggle to reconquer the Pacific Islands? • Why were the battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa important? • How did the Manhattan Project bring the war to an end?

  11. DO NOW Read p. 850 and answer the following: • What new tactic was used by Japan at Letye Gulf for the first time? • What does this tactic indicate about Japan? • What were the casualties and surrender statistics of the Japanese at the Philippines? • If this is how hard the Japanese will fight to hold onto a foreign territory, what does this suggest when Americans attack actual Japan’s territory?

  12. As the ground troops battled inland, the greatest naval battle in world history developed off the coast. More than 280 warships took part in the three-day Battle of Leyte Gulf. • The Battle of Leyte Gulf was the first battle in which Japanese pilots loaded their aircraft with bombs and then deliberately crashed them into enemy ships. • These were called kamikazes, or suicide planes. • Despite this tactic, the American force virtually destroyed the Japanese navy and emerged victorious.

  13. Japanese land forces in the Philippines continued to resist, however. • It took two months for the American troops to liberate Leyte. • The battle for the Philippines’ capital, Manila, was equally difficult, leaving some 100,000 Filipino civilians dead. Not until June 1945 did the Allies control the Philippines.

  14. With each battle that drew closer to Japan, the casualties on both sides increased. • Japanese forces refused to surrender in each engagement, often having to be nearly totally wiped out in each situation. • They would increase exponentially once America began to fight on actual Japanese soil. • The first battle that would be fought on actual Japanese soil was Iwo Jima. • Iwo Jima was targeted because from this island the US could bomb any point on Japan in a round trip.

  15. Finishing the war

  16. Iwo Jima Chapter 25, Section 4 • In February 1945, American marines stormed the beaches of Iwo Jima. • In the Battle of Iwo Jima, American forces suffered an estimated 25,000 casualties. • It took more than 100,000 American troops almost a month to defeat fewer than 25,000 Japanese, who fought almost to the last defender. • Admiral Nimitz described the island as a place in which “uncommon valor was common virtue.”

  17. Bond drives The war was primarily financed through the selling of bonds. Towards the end of the war America was running low on finances and thus supplies for the soldiers.

  18. The public was also becoming weary with the war, as they were being told that to defeat Japan might stretch until 1946 or even 1947. • This image inspired Americans that the war was nearly won (because our leaders led them to believe this) and to buy more bonds to finish the war. • The flag raisers who survived were sent back to the states to do an extensive selling tour.

  19. Following Iwo… • The Battle of Okinawa would be the last battle fought in World War Two. • At the end of 1944, it was decided that Okinawa would be the catalyst for the invasion of Japan. • Unlike the recently fought battle at Iwo Jima, the island of Okinawa was large enough to hold a base for staging an invasion. • This battle was necessary to help end the war.

  20. Okinawa • The Battle of Okinawa was fought from April to June 1945. The island of Okinawa was the last obstacle to an Allied invasion of the Japanese home islands. • The Japanese flew nearly 2,000 kamikaze attacks against the 1,300 warships of the American fleet. • For the American forces, nearly 50,000 casualties made the Battle of Okinawa the costliest engagement of the Pacific war. • At the end, the American forces were victorious, and the Allies had a clear path to Japan.

  21. On Iwo Jima and Okinawa, native Japanese civilians who lived on these islands began to kill America GI’s during suicide attacks. • American leaders feared that this was foreshadowing what would happen with an invasion of mainland Japan.

  22. Casualties

  23. Operation Downfall • The U.S. expected that it would have to physically invade Japan as it had at Normandy or any of the other Japanese islands. • Casualties were expected at nearly 1 million between American and Japanese soldiers, as well as civilians. • The Japanese were also training every citizen, young or old to be a suicide bomber. Children and even the elderly were to be given weapons or explosives to attack the enemy.

  24. Anticipating an invasion, the U.S. was also trying to get the Soviet Union to honor their promise to join the war in the Pacific and invade Japan from the northern side of Japan, as America invaded from the south. • However, we were also fearful that if the Soviets landed in Japan they might not want to leave and try to control a portion of it, as they would do in Eastern Europe once the war was over. • These and other factors led the United States to decide to use the atomic bomb against Japan.

  25. The Manhattan Project Chapter 25, Section 4 • In August 1939, Roosevelt received a letter from Albert Einstein, a brilliant Jewish physicist who had fled from Europe. In his letter, Einstein suggested that an incredibly powerful new type of bomb could be built by the Germans. • Roosevelt organized the top-secret Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans. • On July 16, 1945, Manhattan Project scientists field-tested the world’s first atomic bomb in the desert of New Mexico. With a blinding flash of light, the explosion blew a huge crater in the earth and shattered windows some 125 miles away.

  26. Once the bomb was ready, President Harry S Truman, who took office after Roosevelt’s sudden death, made the ultimate decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan. • On August 6, 1945, an American plane, the Enola Gay, dropped a single atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. A blast of intense heat annihilated the city’s center and its residents in an instant—leading to as many as 80,000 deaths.

  27. Three days later on August 9, a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. • On August 14, the government of Japan surrendered. On September 2, 1945, the formal surrender agreement was signed. The long and destructive war had finally come to an end.

  28. Country Military Deaths Civilian Deaths Total Deaths Germany 3,250,000 2,350,000 5,600,000 Italy 226,900 60,000 286,900 Japan 1,740,000 393,400 2,133,400 Allies France 122,000 470,000 592,000 Great Britain 305,800 60,600 366,400 United States 405,400 --------- 405,400 Soviet Union 11,000,000 6,700,000 17,700,000 China 1,400,000 8,000,000 9,400,000 Estimated World War II Deaths Chapter 25, Section 4 Axis SOURCE: World War II: A Statistical Survey

  29. The War in the Pacific—Assessment Chapter 25, Section 4 Which of the following was the most destructive naval battle in world history? (A) The Battle of Leyte Gulf (B) The Battle of Iwo Jima (C) The Battle of Okinawa (D) The Battle of Midway The purpose of the Manhattan Project was to develop __________. (A) the atomic bomb before the Germans did (B) a defense against kamikaze attacks (C) an unsinkable warship (D) a new military training program Want to link to the Pathways Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!

  30. The War in the Pacific—Assessment Chapter 25, Section 4 Which of the following was the most destructive naval battle in world history? (A) The Battle of Leyte Gulf (B) The Battle of Iwo Jima (C) The Battle of Okinawa (D) The Battle of Midway The purpose of the Manhattan Project was to develop __________. (A) the atomic bomb before the Germans did (B) a defense against kamikaze attacks (C) an unsinkable warship (D) a new military training program Want to link to the Pathways Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!

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