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Unit 15

Unit 15. Ophthalmology, Endocrinology, and Medical Specialties. Ophthalmology. ophthalm/o = combining form for eye Examples: ophthalm/ic = pertaining to eye ocular = pertaining to eye ophthalm/o/logy = medical specialty studying eye disease and surgery

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Unit 15

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  1. Unit 15 Ophthalmology, Endocrinology, and Medical Specialties

  2. Ophthalmology • ophthalm/o = combining form for eye • Examples: • ophthalm/ic = pertaining to eye • ocular = pertaining to eye • ophthalm/o/logy = medical specialty studying eye disease and surgery • ophthalm/o/logist = physician who practices this specialty

  3. Ophthalmology • Examples: • ophthalm/o/pathy = any eye disease • ophthalm/itis = inflammation of eye • ophthalm/algia and ophthalm/o/dynia = pain in eye • ophthalm/o/ptosis and ophthalm/o/cele = herniation of eye • ex/ophthalm/os = protrusion of eyeball • ophthalm/o/plegia = paralysis of eye muscles

  4. Ophthalmology • Examples: • ophthalm/o/meter = instrument for measuring eyeball • ophthalm/o/scope = instrument used for examination of interior of eye • ophthalm/o/scopy = process of examining eye with scope • ophthalm/o/plasty = plastic surgery of eye

  5. Ophthalmology • opt/o = combining form for vision • Examples: • opt/o/metry = measurement of vision • opt/o/metrist = one who measures visual acuity • opt/ic nerve = cranial nerve for vision

  6. Eye Specialists • Ophthalmologist • Medical doctor (M.D.) or doctor of osteopathy (D.O.) • Physician specialist who treats eye diseases and performs surgery • Ophthalmic technician • Special technician trained to assist ophthalmologists

  7. Eye Specialists • Optometrist • Doctor of optometry (O.D.) • Licensed practitioner limited to eye examinations and prescribing corrective lenses

  8. Vision Conditions • How vision works: • Light enters lens of eye, is refracted, and image is focused on retina • -opia = suffix meaning vision condition

  9. Vision Conditions • my/opia = nearsightedness • See close objects, but not distant ones • hyper/opia = farsightedness • See distant objects, but not close ones • presby/opia = loss of accommodation • Lens fails to adjust • Especially for seeing close objects

  10. Myopia and Hyperopia

  11. Vision Conditions • dipl/opia = double vision • Crossed eyes • Both eyes fail to record same image on brain • di/opt/er = unit of measurement of refraction in eye • Used to prescribe corrective lenses

  12. Vision Conditions • phor/opt/er = instrument to determine prescription strength needed for corrective lenses

  13. Vision Conditions • Defects that cause objects to appear different colors: • cyan/opsia = blue vision • xanth/opsia = yellow vision • chlor/opsia = green vision • erythr/opsia = red vision

  14. Directional Terms in Ophthalmology • Strabismus or squint • When eyes appear to be turned in abnormal position • tropia = turning • exo/tropia = eyes pointing outward • eso/tropia = eyes pointing inward • hyper/tropia = eyes pointing upward • hypo/tropia = eyes pointing downward

  15. Esotropia and Exotropia

  16. Structures of the Eye

  17. Eyeball

  18. Eyelid • blephar/o = combining term • Examples: • blephar/o/ptosis = prolapse of eyelid • blephar/edema = swelling of eyelid • edema = swelling due to fluid retention • blephar/itis = inflammation of eyelid • blephar/o/spasm = twitching of eyelid

  19. Eyelid Procedures • blephar/o/tomy = incision of eyelid • blephar/ectomy = excision of lesions on eyelid • blephar/o/plasty = surgical repair of eyelid • blephar/o/rrhaphy = suture of eyelid

  20. Eyelid • Conjunctiva • Membrane that lines eyelids and sclera • conjunctiv/itis = inflammation of conjunctiva • More than 30 types of inflammation

  21. Cornea • corne and kerat = word roots • corne/o and kerat/o = combining forms • Examples: • corne/al = pertaining to cornea • corne/o/ir/itis = inflammation of cornea and iris • corne/o/scler/al = pertaining to cornea and sclera

  22. Cornea • Examples: • kerat/o/rrhexis = corneal rupture • kerat/o/scler/itis = inflammation of cornea and sclera • kerat/o/tomy = incision of cornea • kerat/ectasia = forward bulging of cornea • kerat/o/cele = herniation or protrusion of cornea • kerat/o/plasty = corneal transplant

  23. Lens • phac/o = combining form for crystalline lens of eye • Origin • Greek • phacos = lentil • Shape of eye lens

  24. Lens • Examples: • phac/o/cele = protrusion of lens • phac/o/emulsion = removal of cataracts using ultrasonic device to emulsify eye lens for removal

  25. Sclera • White, hard outer coat of eye • Origin • Greek • scleras = hard

  26. Sclera • Examples: • scler/al = pertaining to sclera • scler/itis = inflammation of sclera • scler/ectomy = excision of all or part of sclera • scler/o/stomy = formation of opening into sclera

  27. Iris • Colored part of eye that helps regulate amount of light that enters • ir/ides = plural form • irid/o = combining form • Examples: • irid/o/cele = protrusion or dislocation of iris • irid/algia = pain in iris

  28. Iris • Examples: • irid/o/malacia = softening of iris • irid/o/rrhexis = rupture of iris • irid/o/plegia and irid/o/paralysis = paralysis of iris • irid/ectomy = excision of part or all of iris

  29. Iris Conditions • ir/itis = inflammation of iris • corne/o/ir/itis = inflammation of cornea and iris • scler/o/ir/itis = inflammation of sclera and iris • irid/o/ptosis = prolapse of iris

  30. Retina • Layer at back of eyeball where images formed and sent to brain • retin/o = combining form • Examples: • retin/al = pertaining to retina • retin/itis = inflammation of retina

  31. Retina • Examples: • retin/o/scope = instrument used to measure refractive error of retina • retin/o/scopy = process of using retinoscope • Skiascopy • Proper term for retinoscopy • retin/o/pexy and retin/o/plasty = fixation or repair of detached retina

  32. Retina • Macular degeneration • Deterioration of macula • Area on retina near optic nerve • Common cause of blindness in elderly • Treatment for some types: • Intraocular injection of medication to slow progression

  33. Glaucoma • Eye disease with increased intraocular pressure • Can result in blindness if not treated • Three basic types: • Open angle • Angle closure • Congenital

  34. Pupil • Opening in iris through which light passes • cor = word root • cor/e, core/o, and pupill/o = combining forms • Examples: • cor/ect/opia = pupil out of place • cor/e/lysis = destruction of pupil • cor/ectasia = dilation or stretching of pupil

  35. Pupil • Examples: • anis/o/cor/ia = unequal pupil size • core/o/plasty = plastic surgery of pupil • core/o/meter and pupill/o/meter = instrument for measuring pupil • core/o/metry and pupill/o/metry = process of measuring pupil

  36. Ciliary Body • Thin vascular layer that encircles inside of iris • cycl/o = combining form • Origin • Greek • cyclos = circle

  37. Ciliary Body • Examples: • cycl/o/plegia = paralysis of ciliary body • cycl/o/keratitis = inflammation of ciliary body and cornea

  38. Animation Click Here to Play Vision Animation

  39. Tears • lacrim/ation = tearing • lacrim/o = combining form • Examples: • lacrim/al = pertaining to tears • lacrim/al gland = gland that secretes tears • lacrim/al sac = sac that collects lacrimal fluid • nas/o/lacrim/al duct = means by which lacrimal fluid drained away

  40. Tears • dacry = word root for tears • Examples: • dacry/o/rrhea = excessive lacrimation • dacry/o/cyst/itis = tear sac inflammation • dacry/o/aden/algia = pain in tear gland • dacry/o/cyst/o/ptosis = prolapse of tear sac • dacry/oma = tumor of tear duct or gland

  41. Tears • Examples: • dacry/o/py/o/rrhea = discharge of pus from tear gland • dacry/o/cyst/o/cele = hernia of tear sac • dacry/o/lith = stone in tear sac • dacry/o/cyst/o/tome = instrument for incising tear sac

  42. Nails • onych/o = combining form • Examples: • onych/osis = any nail condition • onych/oid = resembling fingernail • onych/o/malac/ia = softening of nails • onych/o/phagia = nail biting

  43. Nail Conditions • onych/oma = tumor of nail or nail bed • onych/o/myc/osis = fungus infection of nails • onych/o/crypt/osis = ingrown nail

  44. Hair • trich/o = combining form • Examples: • trich/oid = resembling hair • trich/o/pathy = any hair disease • trich/o/glossia = hairy tongue • trich/iasis = formation of hair • trich/o/genous = promotes growth of hair

  45. Hair • Examples: • trich/o/phobia = abnormal fear of hair • trich/o/phagia = swallowing hair • alopec/ia = condition of baldness • Types: • Alopecia areata • Alopecia congenitalis • Alopecia medicamentosa

  46. Endocrinology • endo/crine = secrete inside • Refers to glands that secrete hormones • endo/crin/o/logy = medical specialty studying endocrine system • endo/crin/o/logist = physician who specializes in study of endocrine system

  47. Endocrinology Combining Forms

  48. Animation Click Here to Play Endocrine System Animation

  49. Adrenal Glands • supra/renal glands = alternate name • Due to location above kidneys • Stimulate autonomic nervous system • adren/erg/ic receptors = activated by epinephrine, norepinephrine, and adrenergic drugs • adrenergic = pertaining to adrenal work • Epinephrine dilates bronchi • Used to treat asthma

  50. Adrenal Glands • adren/o/corticoid = hormone produced by adrenal glands • Cortisone • adren/o/pathy = any adrenal gland disease • adren/o/megaly = enlargement of adrenal glands • adren/o/lysis = destruction of adrenal tissue

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