Circle IX: Compound Fraud

2. Dark Wood of Error Vestibule River Acheron Circle I : Limbo Circle II : The Lustful Circle III : The Gluttons Circle IV : The Avaricious Circle V : The Wrathful and Sullen Marsh of Styx Circle VI : The Heretics River Phlegethon Circle VII : The Violent and Bestial Circle VIII : Simple Fraud Giants’ Well Circle IX: Compound Fraud

3. Lion She-Wolf Mount of Joy Next: the Vestibule Leopard Gate of Hell MAIN

4. “Worldliness” • begins on the night before Good Friday in the year 1300 • Dante is assailed by beasts he cannot evade, and unable to find the "straight way“ to salvation • Beasts : carnal sins • Leopard – malicious and fraudulent sins • Lion – violence and ambition • She-wolf - incontinence • Appearance of Virgil (Divine Reason) to lead Dante from error

5. Neutrals Next: the Limbo River acheron Charon MAIN

6. I am the way into the city of woe.I am the way to a forsaken people.I am the way into eternal sorrow. • Sacred justice moved my architect.I was raised here by divine omnipotence,Primordial love and ultimate intellect. • Only those elements time cannot wearWere made before me, and beyond time I stand. • Abandon all hope ye who enter here.

7. Opportunists – did not make their choice whether to join the rebellion or take the side of God • Punishment • Race around pursuing a wavering banner • pursuit to their ever-shifting illusion of their own advantage • Pursued by swarms of wasps who sting them and produce blood and putrid matter which is feasted upon by worms and maggots that coat the ground • run through the filth because their actions were a moral filth

8. Citadel of Human reason Poets and Philosophers Next: the Carnal MAIN

9. Virtuous pagans – born without the light of Christ’s revelation • Virgil’s eternal place in Hell • Citadel of Human Reason – highest state man can achieve without God • Master souls of Pagan Antiquity • Punishment • They are not tormented • Their only pain is that they have no hope • Sinners • Homer, Horace, Ovid, and Lucan

10. Minos Next: the Gluttons Paolo and Francesca MAIN

11. The Lustful – betrayed reason to their appetite • Guarded by Minos who judges those who wait to enter and sends them to their appropriate tier in Hell • Tail of Minos - displays the circle of Hell by how many times he wraps his tail around himself • Punishment • lashed and driven about by an unending fierce wind (infernal storm) • Sinners • Dido, Helena, Achilles, Paris, Tristan, and Cleopatra • Francesca and Paolo

12. Cerberus Next: the Avaricious Ciacco MAIN

13. The Gluttons – made no higher use of the gifts of God that to wallow in food, produce nothing but garbage and offal • Storm of stinking snow and freezing rain forms into a vile slush underfoot that suggests a gigantic garbage dump • Cerberus(three-headed dog of Hell) guards them

14. Punishment • Sinners are half buried in the slush, while Cerberus slavers over them as they once did in life over food • Sinners • Ciacco, the Hog

15. Plutus Next: the wrathful The Avaricious andprodigal MAIN

16. The Hoarders and Wasters – lacked all moderation in regulating their expenses; thought nothing but money • not prudent with the goods of Fortune • Guarded by Plutus Punishment • the avaricious ("closed fists”) and prodigals (“spending too freely”) joust, using as weapons great weights which they push with their chests.

17. Plutus : Guardian-symbol of the fourth circle • appears in some cases as the god of wealth • the "great enemy" in hell • has human and bestial natures • Represents avarice and prodigality

18. Phlegyas The tower Next: the Heretics River Styx FilippoArgenti MAIN

19. The Wrathful – struck each other, and tore each other limb from limb • The Sullen – refused to welcome the light of divine illumination • The Poets pass the Marsh of Styx • Phlegyas takes the Poets to the city of Dis • Punishment • Wrathful – attack one another in the foul slime of Styx • Sullen – buried forever below the waters of Styx, gargling the words of an endless chant : • ‘Sullen were we in the air made sweet by the Sun; • in the glory of his shining our hearts poured • a bitter smoke. Sullen were we begun; • sullen we lie forever in this ditch.’

20. Marsh of Styx • Marks the first great division of Hell • Beyond the Styx is the infernal city of Dis • Phlegyas – boatman of Styx • Sinners • FilippoArgenti

21. Medusa and The Furies Holy Messenger Next: the Violent Heretics MAIN

22. City of Dis – the Capital of Hell • Iron gate is guarded by the fallen angels, and refuse to let the Poets in • The poets see three infernal furies shrieking and ripping themselves with their nails; they call for Medusa • The Heavenly Messenger (Divine Aid) arrives and drives the demons away, and allows the poets to enter the City of Dis • The Heretics – those who did violence to God by denying immortality • the poets see a vast expanse of open burning tombs, with groans of pain and torment issuing from them • Punishment • Since they taught that the soul dies with the body, their punishment is an eternal grave

23. Farinata • He was the leader of the Ghibelline (anti-Papal) faction in Florence during the power struggles of the time • Dante realizes that the shades in Hell can see future events but not present ones. • Farinatacan prophesy the • future—he predicts • Dante’s exile from Florence.

24. Minotaur River Phlegethon Geryon Wood of Suicides Burning sand Next: Malebolge The Great Barrier Against God Against self Against others Centaurs MAIN

25. VIOLENT AGAINST OTHERS • The ones who made war with countries and with their neighbours • Phlegethon - the boiling hot river of blood • Punishments • The violent are smothered under the Phlegethon. All their violence resulted to bloodshed and with this, they will dwell in the river of blood forever • If ever they would ever try to rise from the river, the centaurs would stab them with spears or shoot them with arrows • Sinners • Nessus, Chiron, Pholus, Alexander, Dionysius, Ezzelino, Obizzoof Este, Attila, Sextus, Rinierof Corneto, RinierPazzo “Necessity has brought him here, not pleasure.” -XII, 85

26. VIOLENT AGAINST SELF • two kinds • Suicides - violent against their selves, and • Squanderers - violent against their possessions • Punishments • Suicides - Since they destroyed their bodies, their souls are made into trees; when their leaves and branches get plucked by the Harpies, they bleed—and it is the only moment they can speak. • Squanderers - They were chased by black bitches. When the bitches reach them, they are dismembered. • Sinners • Pier della Vigna, Lano, Jacopo da Santo Andrea “Like other souls, we shall seek out the flesh that we have left, but none of us shall wear it it is not right for any man to have what he himself cast aside.” -XIII, 103-106

27. VIOLENT AGAINST GOD • Three kinds of violence by • The Blasphemers, • The Sodomites, and • The Usurers • Contains a plain of sand, with fire showering down upon the plain “ Behold the beast who bears the pointed tail, who crosses mountains, shatters weapons, walls! Behold the one whose stench fills all the world.” -XVII, 1-4

28. VIOLENT AGAINST GOD • Punishments • Blasphemers (Violent against God) • stretched out upon the sand; they feel God's wrath with a rain of fire • Sodomites (Violent against Nature) • continually run in circles, upon the fiery sands • Usurers (Violent against x) • huddled or crouched in the sands of fire • Sinners • Capaneus, Brunetto, Guido Guerra, Tegghiaio Aldrobandi, Jacopo Rusticucci

29. Geryon -  serpentine monster that transports the poets from the Seventh Circle to the Eighth Circle. • head of an innocent man and the body of a foul serpent • represents dishonesty and fraud

30. SEDUCERS AND PANDERERS FLATTERERS SIMONIACS FORTUNE TELLERS AND DIVINERS GRAFTERS HYPOCRITES THIEVES EVIL COUNSELORS SOWERS OF DISCORD FALSIFIERS Next: Cocytus MAIN

31. The fraudulent - guilty of deliberate, knowing evil • located in an arena-shaped circle named Malebolge ("Evil Pockets"), divided into ten bolgie(ditches of stone)

32. Panderers and seducers - march in separate lines in opposite directions. They drove others to serve their own evil wills and now they are themselves driven by evil. • Punishment • They are endlessly driven like cattle by the demons and their whips. • Sinners • VenedicoCaccianemico • Jason

33. Flatterers- steeped in human excrement. • Their flatteries on earth were nothing but "a load of excrement" • Punishment • They grovel eternally • in excrement, living in • the substance which • previously came out of • their mouths • Sinners • Thais • AlessioInterminei

34. Simoniacs - priests and other clergy who sold ecclesiastic offices and favors • As new sinners of this type arrive, they are cast into a hole, while the soul that previously occupied it, falls away into the hole and disappear. • Punishment • placed upside down in a hole, • with their feet on fire • this mocks the holes resembling • baptismal fonts • Sinner • Pope Nicholas III

35. Fortuners and Diviners – attempted (by forbidden arts) to look into the future ; those who sought to penetrate the future cannot even see in front of themselves • Punishment • Their heads turned backwards on their bodies and compelled to walk backwards through all eternity • Eyes are blinded with tears • Sinners • Amphiareus (Statius) • Guido Bonatti • Tiresias • Michael Scott • Eurypylus • Aruns

36. Grafters – sinful doings on earth are hidden from men’s eyes • Malacoda – leader of the group of demons ; sent demons to escort the Poets • Punishment • Sunk in sticky boiling pitch • Guarded by demons who tear them to piece with claws and their grappling hooks if they catch them above • Sinners • BonturaGati • Friar Gomita • Michel Zanche

37. Hypocrites – their appearance on the outside shines brightly, but under that show lies the weight of his deceit • Punishment • Wear great lead robes, walk eternally around a narrow track • Sinners • Jovial friars • Caiaphas (chief sinner) • Crucified to the floor

38. Pit full of monstrous reptiles who curl themselves about the sinners like living coils of rope, binding each sinner’s hands behind his back, and knotting themselves through the loins • The endless and painful transformation is the final state of the thieves. • Cacus – the centaur in Bolgia 7 • Punishment • hands were bound behind by coils of serpents • the sinners fall in ash, and when they dissolve upon the ground, the dust will rise and will resume into its former shape. • Sinners • The five noble thieves • VanniFucci

39. Reptiles • Thievery is reptilian in this secrecy; therefore, it is punished by reptiles. • “hands were bound behind by coils of serpents” • The hands of thieves are the agents of their crimes; therefore, they are bound forever. • “endless and painful transformation” • The thief destroys their fellowmen by making their possessions disappear, so is he painfully destroyed and made to disappear, not once but over and over again. • Five noble thieves: • Agnello Brunelleschi, Cianfade’ Donati, Buoso, Francesco and PuccioSciancato

40. The evil counselors- abused their power and work by hidden ways. • Punishment • hidden from view inside great flames • The souls of the sinners are forever • locked within the flames which • symbolizes their guilty consciences. • Sinners • Diomede • Ulysses • Count Guido

41. Sowers of Discord – rend asunder what God had meant to be united • Degrees of guilt • Sowers of Religious Discord • Sowers of Political Discord • Sowers of Discord between Kinsmen • Punishment • hacked by a great demon with a bloody sword • they drag their broken bodies and circle the pit • return to the demon to afflict new wounds • Sinners • Mahomet • Bertrand de Born

42. Falsifiers – corrupted society by their falsifications • Classes of Falsifiers • The Alchemist (falsifier of things) • The Evil Impersonators (falsifier of persons) • The Counterfeiters (falsifier of money) • The False Witnesses (falsifier of words) • Punishment • Impersonators – run with never a pause; eternity of madness • Counterfeiters, Alchemists, False witnesses – leprosy and thirst • Sinners • Capocchio • Master Adam • Guido, Alexander, and their Brother • Sinon of Troy

43. Central pit – great well guarded by the Giants and Titans, their upper halves above the rim • The Giants are placed here less for their particular sins, than for their general nature • They are embodiments of elemental forces unbalanced by love, desire without restraint, and without acknowledgement of moral and theological law • Giants • Nimrod – builder of the Tower of Babel • Ephialtesand Briareus– warred against the gods • Tityos and Typhon– insulted Jupiter • Antaeus – was only strong when in contact with the ground • Antaeus brings the Poets down to Cocytus

44. CAINA antenora PTOLOMEA Judecca Satan to their masters to guest and host to country to kin MAIN

45. Cocytus - frozen lake of “human tears and compassion” • Where traitors are punished • All the sinners are trapped in the ice sheet • Final and deepest circle of hell • Further divided into 4 rounds • Caina • Antenora • Ptolomea • Judecca

46. Named after Cain, the son of Adam and Eve • Punishment • Sinners are stuck in ice up to their necks; they betrayed the members of their own bloodline while they are still alive • Sinners • Alessandro Guelph • NapoleoneGhibelline • Camiscion de' Pazzi • Mordred • Focaccia • SassolMascheroni

47. Named after Antenora, a historical/mythical character, who betrayed Troy to the Greeks • Dante accidentally kicks one head and showed a rude manner that he never did with the other sinners. • Punishment • Their necks are also stuck in the ice but • they can no longer bend their necks. • Sinners • Bocca degli Abati • UgolinodellaGherardesca • Ruggieri degli Ubaldini • BuosodaDuera

48. Named after Ptolomaeus of Maccabees, who killed his father-in-law during a banquet • Power of Ptolomea: the souls of the guilty fall to its torments even before they die, leaving their bodies on earth, inhabited by demons • Punishment • Lie with only half their faces • above the ice • Their tears freeze in their eye • sockets, sealing their eyes • Sinners • Friar Alberigo • BrancaD’oria

49. Named after Judas Iscariot • Holds the sinners who betrayed their masters • Punishment • Completely sealed in the ice, twisted and distorted • Impossible to speak to them

50. SATAN • Rebellious angel • He wanted for power, armies, influence and fame, therefore; • in hell, he is isolated, powerless, speechless, immobile and miserable • located at the center of Gravity (of the earth) • sin/evil is like the force of gravity • Face and body • three faces with different colors • the black opposite to yellow and a red face in the middle • Ignorance (black), • Impotence (yellow) and • Anger (red) • The numbers suggest its mockery to the Trinity • four wings of a bat