Enlightenment Ideas & Philosophers: Concepts & Impacts

1. Global Studies II 100 Concepts & Final Exam Preparation Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment- WWI and the Russian Revolution

2. 100 Concepts Sci.-Russ Revolutions

3. Number 1: QUESTION: Francis Bacon, Galileo, and Isaac Newton promoted the idea that knowledge should be based on 1. the experiences of past civilizations 2. experimentation and observation 3. emotions and feelings 4. the teachings of the Catholic Church ANSWER: 2. Experimentation and observation

4. Number 2: QUESTION: During the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, one similarity in the work of many scientists and philosophers was that they 1. relied heavily on the ideas of medieval thinkers 2. favored an absolute monarchy as a way of improving economic conditions 3. received support from the Catholic Church 4. examined natural laws governing the universe ANSWER: 4. Examined natural laws governing the universe.

5. Number 3: QUESTION: Which statement best describes the effects of the works of Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Sir Isaac Newton, and René Descartes? 1. The acceptance of traditional authority was strengthened. 2. The scientific method was used to solve problems. 3. Funding to education was increased by the English government. 4. Interest in Greek and Roman drama was renewed ANSWER: 2. The scientific method was used to solve problems

6. Number 4: QUESTION: Speaker A: Good government stresses the importance of the nation and accepts the rights of the individual only if the interests of the individual are the same as those of the nation. Speaker B: The person of the king is sacred and to attack him in any way is to attack religion itself. The respect given to a king is religious in nature. Speaker C: All human beings are born free and equal with a right to life and liberty. It is the duty of government to protect these natural rights of its citizens. Speaker D: Our goal will not be achieved by democracy or liberal reforms, but by blood and iron. Only then will we be successful. No nation achieves greatness or unity without the traumatic experiences of war. Which speaker’s statement best reflects the ideas of the Enlightenment? A B C D ANSWER: Speaker C

7. Number 5: QUESTION: Speaker A: The story of history is the story of class struggles. Revolution is necessary to overthrow the ruling class and eventually create a classless society in which no one will be exploited.Speaker B: The royal power is absolute and the prince need render account of his acts to no one. Where the word of a king is, there is no power. Without this absolute authority, the king could neither do good nor repress evil.Speaker C: Government should leave business alone. It should let the natural law of supply and demand determine what gets produced, how much gets produced, who does the work, the price of goods, rates of pay, and all other economic questions.Speaker D: Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. It is the duty of every government to preserve and protect these natural inalienable rights.Which speaker expresses the views of John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau? • A • B • C • D ANSWER: 4. Men are born and remain equal in rights…duty of gov to protect these natural rights

8. Number 6: QUESTION: “We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” The ideas expressed in the quotation are based primarily on the writings of • Niccolo Machiavelli • Charles Darwin • Charlemagne • John Locke ANSWER: 4. John Locke, Natural Rights

9. Number 7: QUESTION: Writers of the Enlightenment were primarily interested in • changing the relationship between people and their government • supporting the divine right theory • debating the role of the church in society • promoting increased power for European monarchs ANSWER: 1. Changing the relationship between people and their governments

10. Number 8: QUESTION: The writings of the Enlightenment philosophers in Europe encouraged later political revolution with their support of • socialism • imperialism • the natural rights of man • the divine right monarchies ANSWER: 3. The natural rights of man

11. Number 9: QUESTION: The writers and philosophers of the Enlightenment believed the government decisions should be based on • fundamental religious beliefs • the concept of divine right of kings • laws of nature and reason • traditional values ANSWER: 3. The laws of nature and reason

12. Number 10: QUESTION: Which statement reflects an argument of Enlightenment philosophers against the belief in the divine right of kings? • god has chosen all government rulers • independence is built by military might • a capitalist economic system is necessary for democracy • the power of the government is derived from the governed ANSWER: 4. The power of the government is derived from the governed.

13. Number 11: QUESTION: John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau would be most likely to support • a return to feudalism in Europe • a government ruled by a divine right monarchy • a society ruled by the Catholic Church • a society in which the people chose the ruler ANSWER: 4. A society in which the people chose the ruler

14. Number 12: QUESTION: --Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains. --Everyone has the natural right to life, liberty, and property. --Slavery, torture, and religious persecution are wrong. During which period in European history would the ideas in these statements have been expressed? • Pax Romana • Age of Exploration • Enlightenment • Age of Imperialism ANSWER: 3. Enlightenment- humans free and able to pariticipate in gov decision process. Gov protects natural rights

15. Number 13: QUESTION: During the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, one similarity in the work of many scientists and philosophers was that they • relied heavily on the ideas of medieval thinkers • favored an absolute monarchy as a way of improving economic conditions • received support from the Catholic Church • examined natural laws governing the universe ? ANSWER: 4. Examined natural laws governing the universe

16. Number 14: QUESTION: Which statement best describes a change that occurred during both the Renaissance and the Enlightenment? • feudalism became the dominant political system • the use of reason and logic were discouraged • technology and science were considered unimportant • a new questioning spirit and attitude emerged ANSWER: 4. A new questioning spirit and attitude emerged

17. Number 15: QUESTION: “We prefer self-government with danger, to servitude in tranquility.” The author of this statement would most likely support • imperialism • independence movements • colonial expansion • mercantilism ANSWER: 2. Independence movements

18. Number 16: QUESTION: A major concept promoted by philosophers of the Enlightenment was the need for • a return to traditional medieval ideas • the use of reason for rational and logical thinking • overseas expansion by western European nations • strengthening the power of the organized religions ANSWER: 2. The use of reason for rational and logical thinking

19. Number 17: QUESTION: One important result of the French Revolution was that • France enjoyed a lengthy period of peace and prosperity • the church was restored to its former role and power in the French government • political power shifted to the bourgeoisie • France lost its spirit of nationalism ANSWER: 3.

20. Number 18: QUESTION: Which statement is a valid generalization about the immediate results of the French Revolution of 1789? • the Roman Catholic Church increased its power and wealth • the revolution achieved its goal of establishing peace, democracy, and justice for all • the revolution had little impact outside France • the French middle class gained more power ANSWER: 4.

21. Number 19: QUESTION: In France, which was a major result of the French Revolution? • the king was restored to unlimited power • the clergy dominated government • the middle class gained political influence • the tax burden was carried by the lower class ANSWER: 3.

22. Number 20: QUESTION: A study of revolutions would most likely lead to the conclusion that pre-Revolutionary governments • are more concerned about human rights than the governments that replace them • refuse to modernize their armed forces with advanced technology • attempt to bring about the separation of government from religion • fail to meet the political and economic needs of their people ANSWER: 4.

23. Number 21: QUESTION: “Congress of Vienna Restores Monarchy to France” “Czar Nicholas I Limits Freedom of the Russian Press” “Reform Movements Crushed in Hungary, Italy, and the German States” These headlines could be described as • reactions to the French Revolution • movements to unify all of western Europe • efforts to improve the conditions of factory workers • attempts to promote trade between European nations ? ANSWER: 1.

24. Number 22: QUESTION: The French people supported Napoleon Bonaparte because they hoped he would • adopt the ideas of the Protestant Reformation • restore Louis XVI to power • provide stability for the nation • end British control of France ANSWER: 3.

25. Number 23: QUESTION: Simon Bolivar and Miguel Hidalgo, leaders of Latin American independence movements, were inspired by successful revolutions in • the Untied States and France • the Soviet Union and China • Cuba and Costa Rica • Egypt and Kenya ANSWER: 1.

26. Number 24: QUESTION: During the early 1800’s, which was a major influence on the struggle for political independence in Latin America? • poor conditions in urban centers in Latin America • the American and French Revolutions • the desire of the Roman Catholic Church in Latin America to escape European control • demands by Latin American workers to own their own factories ANSWER: 2.

27. Number 25: QUESTION: One similarity in the leadership of Latin Americas Jose de San Martin, Toussaint Le’Ouverture, Bernanrdo O’Higgins, and Pedro I was that each leader • opposed United States intervention in Haiti • led a struggle to gain freedom for the people of his nation • opposed membership of his nation in the League of Nations • established an absolute monarchy in his nation ANSWER: 2.

28. Number 26: QUESTION: “I will never allow my hands to be idle nor my soul to rest until I have broken the chains laid upon us by Spain.” This statement was most likely made by • a Latin American nationalist • a Portuguese explorer • a Roman Catholic bishop • a Spanish conquistador ANSWER: 1.

29. Number 27: QUESTION: Which of these situations was the direct result of the other three? • nations of Latin America won independence • revolutions occurred in North America and France • the Napoleonic wars weakened Spain’s power • creoles and mestizos became discontented with Spanish rule ANSWER: 1.

30. Number 28: QUESTION: The 19th-century independence movements in Latin America were influenced by • Marxist ideology • the Aztec wars against Hernando Cortez • liberation theology • the American and the French Revolutions ANSWER: 4.

31. Number 29: QUESTION: Simon Bolivar, Toussaint L’Overture, and Bernardo O’Higgins were Latin American leaders of • economic development • educational reforms • independence movements • colonial expansion ANSWER: 3.

32. Number 30: QUESTION: In which region of the world did the American Revolution and the French Revolution have the greatest influence during the 1800’s? • Southeast Asia • Latin America • South Asia • sub-Saharan Africa ANSWER: 2.

33. Number 31: QUESTION: Simón Bolívar, José de San Martín, and Toussaint l’Ouverture are important in Latin American history because they were • 20th-century caudillos • leaders of liberation movements • members of the Organization of American States (OAS) • winners of the Nobel Peace Prize ANSWER: 2.

34. Number 32: QUESTION: “A country is not merely a geographic territory. A country is also the idea given birth by the geographic territory. A country is a sense of love that unites, as one, all the sons and daughters of that geographic territory…” --World History: A Story of Progress This quotation supports the idea of • totalitarian rule • absolute monarchy • mercantilism • nationalism ANSWER: 4.

35. Number 33: QUESTION: In a number of European countries in the 1800’s, which situation occurred as a result of the influence of the French Revolution? • increase in religious conflict • rise of nationalistic movements • decentralization of governmental power • economic depression ANSWER: 2.

36. Number 34: QUESTION: Which quotation best reflects a feeling of nationalism? • “An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth” • “A person’s greatest social obligation is loyalty to the family” • “For God, King, and Country” • “Opposition to evil is as much a duty as is cooperation with good” ANSWER: 3.

37. Number 35: QUESTION: Nationalism is most likely to develop in an area that has • land suited to agriculture • adequate industry to supply consumer demands • a moderate climate with rivers for irrigation • common customs, language, and history ANSWER: 4.

38. Number 36: QUESTION: Nationalism is best defined as • the achievement of world peace and global understanding • the desire to take over other societies by force • a method of solving basic economic problems of the society • the loyalty of a people to their values, traditions, and a geographic region ANSWER: 4.

39. Number 37: QUESTION: The best example of the success of nationalism in Europe is the • development of socialism in France • Industrial Revolution in Great Britain • establishment of the Common Market • unification of Germany ANSWER: 4.

40. Number 38: QUESTION: Which condition is most necessary to the process of industrialization in a society? • dependence on subsistence agriculture • creation of a one-crop economy • availability of investment capital • capture of foreign lands ANSWER: 3.

41. Number 39: QUESTION: According to Karl Marx, history is the record of the • granting of more political liberties to all people • struggle between classes in society • wars and conflicts between national leaders • increasing prosperity brought about by industrialization ANSWER: 2.

42. Number 40: QUESTION: A main idea of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles’ Communist Manifesto is that the proletariat • would need foreign help to achieve its revolutionary ends • had to cooperate with the capitalists to gain economic rewards • should allow the capitalists to control the means of production • must unite to overthrow the capitalist class ANSWER: 4.

43. Number 41: QUESTION: “Revolution will occur more and more frequently in the industrialized nations as the proletariat struggles to overcome the abuses of the capitalist system.” This quotation reflects the ideas of • Charles Darwin • Karl Marx • Niccolo Machiavelli • John Locke ANSWER: 2.

44. Number 42: QUESTION: “The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains…Workers of the world, unite!” This statement was made in response to conditions resulting from the • Protestant Reformation • Counter-Reformation • Commercial Revolution • Industrial Revolution ANSWER: 4.

45. Number 43: QUESTION: Before a nation can begin to industrialize, that nation must first develop • a democratic government • a rigid class structure • a strong religious foundation • an adequate food supply ANSWER: 4.

46. Number 44: QUESTION: A major result of the Industrial Revolution was the • concentration of workers in urban areas • increased desire of the wealthy class to share its power • formation of powerful craft guilds • control of agricultural production by governments ANSWER: 1.

47. Number 45: QUESTION: According to the theories of Karl Marx, history can be viewed as a • succession of famines that result in the destruction of civilizations • repeating cycle of imperialism and colonialism • listing of the accomplishments of the ruling classes • continuous struggle between economic classes ANSWER: 4.

48. Number 46: QUESTION: -Europeans sought new markets for their goods. -Many Europeans migrated to the cities in search of jobs. -European middle class gained political power. What was the major cause of these changes in Europe? • Industrial Revolution • rise of feudalism • Congress of Vienna • French Revolution ANSWER: 1.

49. Number 47: QUESTION: Which revolution inspired Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to express their ideas in The Communist Manifesto? • Industrial • Scientific • Glorious • Neolithic ANSWER: 1.

50. Number 48: QUESTION: Before Commodore Matthew Perry’s expedition to Japan in 1853, Japan was most influenced by • Russia’s need for warm water ports • the introduction of advanced technology from the United States • France’s quest for new colonies • China’s religion, art, and writing ANSWER: 4.