Global Studies Review

1. Global Studies Review 3200 B.C.-1700’s

2. Beginnings of Civilization • Geography- study of humans and their interaction with the environment. Themes: • Location (describes where something is) • Place (features that make site unique) • Regions (areas that share commons characteristics) • Movement (looks at how + why people + things move) • Human Environment Interaction • Culture- a groups knowledge, beliefs, values and customs • Cultural Diffusion-spread of ideas from one society to another.

3. Paleolithic Era • 2.5 million B.C.-8000 B.C. • hunting • gathering wild game • edible plants • living in nomadic groups • Old Stone Age

4. Neolithic Era • 8000 B.C.- 3000 B.C. • farming crops • domestication of animals • living in settlements and villages • New Stone Age • Rise of cities and civilizations

5. Features of a Civilization • Cities • Government • Writing • Religion • Public Works • Job Specialization • Art & Architecture • Social Classes

6. Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

7. Mesopotamia

8. Babylonians

9. Tigris & Euphrates Riverspresent day Iraq • Mesopotamia • ancient Sumer • fertile crescent • Polytheistic • Ziggurats • Cuneiform • Wheel • Sail • plow • Babylonians • advanced knowledge in astronomy • Hanging Gardens • Hammurabi’s code (code of laws “eye for an eye”)

10. Nile River

11. Egyptians

12. Nile RiverPresent day Egypt • Polytheistic (many gods) • pharoah (god/king) • Hieroglyphics • Papyrus • Pyramids • Mumification (Book of the Dead) • Calendar (based on floods of Nile)

13. Indus and Ganges Rivers

14. Indus and Ganges Rivers Indus-Pakistan Ganges-India Aryans created caste system Based on occupation beginnings of Hinduism (Vedas) River sacred to Hindus • Mohenjo Daro and Harappa Valley • grid like pattern for city • plumbing • Organized government

15. Huang He River

16. Ancient Chinese Civilization

17. Huang He and Yangtze Rivers • China • Shang Dynasty (1766 BC-1100BC) • Mandate of Heaven- right to rule • dynastic cycle-process of rule • silk-bronze • coin money • Ancestor Worship • Zhou Dynasty (1100 BC-221BC)

18. Other Civilizations Phoenicians Hittites

19. Persians

20. Other Important Civilizations • Phoenicians (1500-300 BCE) • Lebanon • created alphabet • proficient sailors • Hittites (1750-1180BCE) • Asia Minor • extracted iron from ore-able to create stronger weapons. • Persians (550-330 BCE) • fertile crescent-present day Iran • barter economy • zoroastrianism (religion) • Hebrews • Israel • created monotheistic religion Judaism

21. Empires • A collection of nations or people ruled by a single authority usually a monarch, but other systems of gov’t too

22. Empires of CHINA • Qin (221 BC-206 BC) • Shi Huang Di • Legalism (harsh) • Great Wall • Han (206 BC-220AD) • Gao Zu began Empire • Confucious gov’t • Civil Service Exam • Filial Piety • Emperor Wudi • Growth of Trade (Silk Road) • Technology-Paper • Medicine-Anestetics 3. Sui (589-618 AD) Grand Canal (1,000 ft links N-S China) • Tang(618-907 AD) • age of Buddhism • Footbinding • woodblock printing • Gunpowder • Paper Money • Magnetic compass • Song (960-1279 AD) • Moveable type • Porcelain

23. Shi Huang Di

24. More Asian Empires • Mongols • Ghengis Khan(1206-1227) • conquered lands throughout China • Golden Horde (Tartars) • Batu (grandson) controlled most of Russia • Yuan dynasty (1279-1368) • Kublai Khan (grandson) • Pax Mongolia: guarded trade routes (Silk Road) • Marco Polo • Korea (name from Koryo Dynasty) • -cultural bridge btwn. China and Japan • Hermit Kingdom • Choson Dynasty

25. India • Maurya Empire (320 -185 BC) • Chandragupta • United India • Strong government • Organized bureaucracy • Ashoka • Expanded empire • Promoted Buddhism • Public works (roads + wells for travellers) • Gupta Empire (320-550 AD) • Chandra • Reunited northern India • Golden Age (peace, wealth, advancements) • Promoted Hinduism

26. Greece before Greece Minoans Mycenaeans 2200 BCE Heinrich Schliemann Linean B Trojan War Homer Dark Ages • Crete • 3,000BCE-1450 BCE • Knossus • King Minos-Labyrinth • Snake Goddess • Trade • Linear A • Arthur Evans

27. Ancient Greece (1750 B.C. -133 B.C.) • Mediterranean Sea • Archipelago • Main City States • Sparta • military-discipline • Athens • Democracy • Education • Intellectualism • Art • Drama • Philosophy (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle)

28. A not so Greek • Alexander the Great (359 BC- 326 BC) • not a “real greek” • conquered Greece, Persia, northern India,and Egypt • Accomplishments • Hellenistic civilization (Greek+Persian+Egyptian+Indian) • CULTURAL DIFFUSSION

29. Rome (509 B.C.-476 A.D.) • Central location helped create vast empire. • 756 BC Etruscans and Latiums established city of Rome: rule by Tyrants • Republic 509 B.C.-31 B.C. • consuls,patricians,plebians controlled Roman affairs. • Twelve Tables (civil law) • Punic Wars-against Carthage, 3 wars, Hannibal, Rome won) • Julius Caesar • great general • Dictator • popular for reforms • killed by rivals (“et tu Brute”) • Empire 31 B.C.-476 A.D. Octavious/Augustus • Pax Romana (31B.C.-180A.D.) • Roman Peace + stable gov’t

30. Roman Achievements • Architecture • emphasis on grandeur • Engineering • system of roads, bridges, harbors, and aqueducts. • Science • Ptolemy (earth center of universe) • Pliny the Elder(wrote many books on different topics.

31. Roman Achievements • Roman Law • Applied to all people-created stability-5 basic principles • People equal under the law • Accused can face accusers • Decisions based on fairness • Person is presumed innocent • Guilt must be clearly established

32. Fall of Rome • Military Causes • Invasions from north • army lacked training and discipline • hired mercenaries • Huns pushed Goths over Empire’s boundaries • Economic Causes • heavy taxes • middle class disappears • farmers left land-used slave labor • Political Causes • Gov’t too strict • Curruption • Empire divided. • Social Causes • population decline (disease and famine) • people became selfish and lazy

33. Byzantine Empire395-1453 CE • Extension of Roman Empire • (Greco-Roman heritage) • Shaped developing cultures of Russia and Eastern Europe. • Constantinople • capital of Eastern Empire • Protected by water + walls • Major trading power (Western Europe-Arab empire) • Justinian and Theodora (527-565) • code of laws • Hagia Sophia • Tried to reunite east +west failed due to plague • Orthodox Christianity

34. Middle East • Crossroads of the World (Europe, Africa, Asia) • Cultural diffusion-> Trade • Preserved ancient writings of Greeks and Romans • Islam • Abassid Empire 740s-900s) • Shiite muslims • Trade increased • Safavid Empire (1500-1722) • Persian muslims (shiite) • Ottoman Empire (1300s-1919) • Controlled former area called Byzantine/Constantinople • Shiite vs Sunni • Sunni: “people who follow the Sunna (way of the prophet)” caliph should be good person • Shiite/Shia: caliphite must go to a descendent of Muhammad

35. Africa • Sahara desert-largest world barrier • Sahel-south of Sahara undergoing desertification • Savanna-grasslands-supports farming and herding • Animism-early religion-spirits present in natural objects. • Oral history (griots) • Bantu Migrations (900s BCE) • Migrations into South Africa

36. East Africa West Africa Land of Gold Ghana (800s-1076 CE) Traded gold + salt Mali (1230s-1433 CE) Sundiata (ruler + Epic story) Mansa Musa (1307) Devout Muslim: hajj = cultural diffussion Timbuktu: center fro education, religion, culture Ibn Battuta: wrote about travels in Africa Songhai (1460s) Sunni Ali-great military leader Askia Muhammad-Golden Age • Influenced by Monsoons • Kush (Nubia) • Auxum (100-600 CE) • Ethiopia • Christian • Traded w/ coins • Ivory • Gold • People • Swahili • Combination of Bantu + Arabic language

37. Latin American Empires • Maya (300-900 CE) • Yucatan Peninsula/Mexico • advancements in astronomy • Human Sacrifice • Aztec (1200-1520 CE) • Central Mexico • conquered by Spanish (Cortes) • Human Sacrifice • Incas(1438-1525 CE) • Andes mts./Peru • conquered by Spanish (Pizzaro) • road system + terrace farming • All were polytheistic, highly complex,and well-organized

38. Empire of Japan • Archipelago • Ring of Fire • borrowed culture from China • terrace farming • Shintoism (religion) • Feudalism-land in exchange for military • Bushido (code of conduct for samurai)

39. Europe • Dark Ages (476 AD -800) • End of Roman Rule in western Europe • Rise of Tribes (Franks, Saxons, vikings) • no books • no learning/education • Preserved by monks and muslims • no government • no common language • no unity

40. Europe: Middle Ages (800-1300) • 3 C’s (Clovis, Charles Martel, Charlemagne) • Feudalism • fiefdom= system of loyalties • Manorialism-self sufficient estate • Chivalry-code of conduct • Church-most powerful institution • political-economic-social organization • Holy Roman Empire

41. Europe Middle Ages • Agricultural Revolution (after 900) • New inventions (harness for horses,3 field system, moldboard plow) • More food =more people= more trade routes = fairs =towns • Crusades-Holy Wars (1095- 1270) resulted in increased: • Trade, cultural diffusion, knowledge • Commercial Revolution(1500s) • New business practices (checks, banks) • Capital = $ exchanged instead of bartering • end of feudalism • Important trade cities (Venice, Hanseatic League)

42. 1348 Bubonic Plague=trade declined-church lost power-1/3 population died • Hundred Years’ War 1337-1453 • War between France and Britain over land • Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648 • Between German Princes and Holy Roman Empire over religion • Treaty of Westphalia brought peace

43. Europe-> Renaissance (1300-1650) • Rebirth of Classics • Greek and Roman • Golden Age • Begins in Italy b/c of: • Crusades • urban centers • wealthy merchants • humanism= focus on human achievements not just religion • Art focus=realism • Artists: • Michelangelo, da Vinci-most famous • Writers: • Machiavelli-The Prince (end justifies the means) rulers should do anything to gain and keep power. • Johannes Gutenberg-printing press-#books increase, vernacular, spread of ideas.

44. Europe->Reformation (1517) • Martin Luther-1517 • 95 Theses • upset over selling indulgences. • Henry VIII (1491-1547) • challenged Pope over divorce issue • Anglican church established (1534) • John Calvin (1541-1564) • predestination-born sinners • Huguenots (French Calvinists) • John Knox-Presbytarianism in Scotland (1510-1572) • Counter Reformation • Council of Trent (end abuses in Church)1545-1663 • Inquisition (Catholics on trial) • Jesuits (remember practices of Jesus)

45. Search fo SPICES God-Gold-Glory Advances in sailing Columbus Magellan Da Gama Conquistadores Cortes (Aztecs) Pizzaro (Incas) Destroyed Populations Superior Technology Disease Slavery Columbian Exchange Ideas, animals, plants Mercantilism Power=wealth Take raw materials produce + sell exports Encomienda System plantations Class system Europe: Exploration (1400-1700)

46. Europe: Absolute Monarchs(1500-1800) • France (Bourbons) • ”Sun King”-Louis XIV • Built Versailles Palace • Russia (Romanov) • Ivans’-> good and bad • Peter the Great • Westernization • expansion • Catherine the Great • modernization • expansion • Prussia (Hohenzollerns) • Frederick II (the Great) • military hero • Spain • Isabella and Ferdinand • Inquisition • Phillip II • Armada defeated by England • England (limited monarchy) • Magna Carta (1215 King John) • Henry VIII (split with Pope) • Elizabeth I • war w/Spain + religious toleration • Oliver Cromwell • civil war/resentment • William and Mary • Glorious Revolution-English Bill of Rights 1689 limited power • Austria-Hapsberg family • Maria Theresa (Holy Roman Empire, very powerful)

47. Scientific Revolution • 1543 • Europe • Cause: • Exploration +expansion of trade • Continuing study of ancient ideas • Geocentric (Church) vs Heliocentric (Copernicus) • Development of scientific method • Effects: • People question Church (main authority) • Beginnings of modern science • Belief in progress & power of reason • New view of universe

48. Important Scientific Thinkers • Copernicus • Brahe • Kepler • Galileo • Newton • Boyle • Bacon • Descartes • Lavoisier • Leeuwnhoek • Linnaes • Harvey • Hooke • Vesalius

49. Enlightenment: 1600s -1700sPhilosophers used reason to find the truth, influenced by the Scientific Revolution, promoted want for independence • People: • Thomas Hobbes: people are bad, gov’t = order • John Locke: natural rights • Montesquieu: separation of powers • Rousseau: born good, gov’t = protection • Voltaire: against slavery • Diderot: Encyclopedie • Wollstonecraft & Smith: don’t forget the ladies • Smith: Laissez Faire (economy) • Influenced Revolution around the world

50. Revolution • The overthrow or replacement of a government or political system.