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Pageant Chapter 14

Forging The National Economy 1790-1860. Pageant Chapter 14. 1a. Immigration and Urbanization. Between 1790 and 1860, the country went from 13 states to 33. The population had grown by roughly 10x between 1790 and 1860.

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Pageant Chapter 14

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  1. Forging The National Economy 1790-1860 Pageant Chapter 14

  2. 1a. Immigration and Urbanization • Between 1790 and 1860, the country went from 13 states to 33. • The population had grown by roughly 10x between 1790 and 1860. • Today’s population is roughly 310 million; so we’ve grown another 10x since 1860 • Immigration skyrockets during this time

  3. The United States – 1789-90

  4. The United States – 1860

  5. 1b. Immigration and Urbanization • The Irish and the Germans were two main groups that immigrated to the United States in the mid-19th century. • The Irish • Came b/c of the potato famine of the mid-1840s • worked on canals and railroads • lived in slums • active in American politics • The Germans • Also came to the U.S. b/c of crop failure • Also active in American politics • Settled in and set up farms • Congregated into “colonies” and tight groups

  6. 1c. Immigration and Urbanization • These immigrant groups caused fear and suspicion in some Americans: • The Protestant majority was concerned about the Roman Catholics who were coming in from Europe • Catholic schools began popping up throughout the country in the 1840s • “Nativists” (people who didn’t like immigrants) eventually formed their own political party – the Know-Nothing Party • Anti-Foreignism

  7. 2. Industry and the Factory System • Industrial Revolution – began in Britain in the mid 18th century • It spread from Britain to the other parts of the world, and hit America in the 1830s-40s • Why? • 1) The U.S. stayed agrarian much longer, workers were scarce because they were still farming. • 2) Consumers were scarce as well, there just wasn’t a large domestic market of buyers who were interested in manufactured goods.

  8. 2. Industry and the Factory System • Eli Whitney – few men have been so pivotal in American History • Inventor of interchangeable parts and the cotton gin (1793) – the “Father of the Factory System” • Whitney’s cotton gin prospered both the North and South but also contributed to the tension that will lead to the Civil War • 1) The gin increased cotton production, leading the South to increase dependency on slave labor and agriculture • 2) The gin made the Northern states industrial powerhouses

  9. Eli Whitney

  10. 3a. Workers and Women • The Industrial Revolution meant the decline of workshops and master craftsman and the rise of factories and common laborers. What were some major differences between the two? • 1) Craft shop – More personal, and more pride was taken in the work that was done. • 2) Factory – Impersonal, no pride in the work, no real craftsmanship but products were produced much faster and cheaper

  11. 19th Century Italian Leather Craftsmen

  12. 19th Century Collar Factory

  13. 3b. Workers and Women • Women were pulled into the workforce during the Industrial Revolution • Women could escape life on the farm by getting jobs at factories such as first water-powered textile mill in Lowell, Massachusetts. • Many women were recruited for caring services such as nursing, and also teaching. • Upon marriage, women were expected to leave the work force and go back home – the cult of domesticity • Def. – the customary view that a woman’s primary job is to be a homemaker. • Reaction – As the teacher of the home, the woman commanded great power and influence over the American household.

  14. 4. Transportation • 1800 – People, letters, and goods could only move as fast as people could walk, or horses could run. • The Industrial Revolution will change this dramatically with roads, canals, railroads, and steam engines • The CumberlandRoad, or National Road, was started in 1811 • The steamboat – invented by Robert Fulton, allowed people to travel on the water more efficiently • The Erie Canal – a HUGE innovation for America • Pushed through in 1817 by New York Governor DeWitt Clinton • Connected the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes; greatly benefited New York City.

  15. Cumberland Road – The 1st HighwayFrom Washington, D.C. – Vandalia, Illinois

  16. Erie Canal Route

  17. 4. Transportation • 1828 – The first American railroad is built • By 1860 – the Midwest is shipping most of its raw materials to the North for manufacturing. • The South continued specializing in cotton, and other cash crops and remained agrarian • By the time the Civil War comes around, the North controls 85% of the country’s industry and has double the railroads. • Advantage: North

  18. Major RRs in the U.S. - 1860

  19. 5. Market Revolution • By 1850, the United States was completely different • The U.S. went from small scattered farms during the colonial period to a large network of industry and commerce in the mid-19th century • Millions of immigrants are packing their bags for the U.S. • “Rags to Riches” stories are still few, but people were generally happy and classes didn’t really clash during this time…why? • 1) America was still a wide open country filled with unorganized land for the taking • 2) Wages rose 1 percent every year from 1820-1860

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