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Text Structure

Learn about the different ways information is organized in a passage, including sequence, cause and effect, compare and contrast, problem and solution, and question and answer. Study examples and practice identifying text structure.

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Text Structure

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  1. TextStructure Patterns of Organization

  2. What is TextStructure? How information in a passage is organized We will study fivecommon patterns: • Sequence #1 and #2 • Cause and Effect • Compare and Contrast • Problem and Solution • Question and Answer

  3. Sequence #1 Information is organized in order of time. Chrono = time Logic = order Example Jill came tumbling after. Jack fell down and broke his crown. Jack and Jill ranup the hill to fetcha pail of water. ALL stories are told chronologically. Beginning Middle End

  4. Sequence #2 Information is listed step-by-step. Explains how to do it or how it happens. 4. Flip omelet. Don’t confuse with chronological! 3. Cook onone side. 2. Add cheese. Does not occur at a specific time. 1. Crack a few eggs.

  5. Cause and Effect An action and its results are explained. Cause Effect Students are not studying basic multiplication facts. They are not doing well on 50 facts tests. • Don’t confuse with chronological. • Won’t have a beginning, middle, and end. • Time won’t progress much.

  6. Compare and Contrast Tells how two things are similar and different. Apples & Oranges Alike Different 1. Both are fruits. 1. People don’t eat orange skins. 2. Both have skin. 2. Oranges have more juice.

  7. Problem and Solution A problem and answer are suggested. Problem Solution Laptops are being stolen. Require a lock on the laptop cart. • Don’t confuse with cause and effect. • It is presented as a PROBLEM.

  8. Question and Answer Often used in Non-Fiction The sub-headings are written as questions and the information in that section answers the question. ? What Does “Going Green” Mean? Over the last few years, the term “going green” has become very popular. It simply means that we need to start becoming more aware of what we recycle and what we choose to throw in the trash. It can also refer to the types of cars we drive, and the type of energy that we use in our homes.

  9. Tips to Identify • Ask, “what is the author doing in this paragraph?” Put it in your own words. • Have a hunch? Use the graphic organizer to see if the info fits. • Look for signal words.

  10. Practice • Read each passage. • Determine how the text is organized: cause and effect, compare and contrast, sequence, problem and solution, or question and answer. • Write your answer on your white board.

  11. PopularSports Football and baseball are two of the most popular sports in the country. They have many things in common. For one, they are both team sports, and they both require players to advance to an end or “home” point on the playing field. However, football requires players to carry the ball to the end zone, whereas in baseball, it is the defending team that controls the ball while it is in play.

  12. The MagicBlanket One day while walking home from school, he found a magic blanket. When he covered himself with it, he turned invisible. At first he used his power to play all kinds of tricks on people. He’d turn invisible and hide things, or move a cup when someone was pouring juice to make a mess. He had a lot of fun. But then one day, he found that he couldn’t take the blanket off. He was just stuck invisible. He quit playing tricks on people, hoping that he’d be able to take the blanket off and rejoin society, but it didn’t work. He is still invisible somewhere right now, and he is very lonely.

  13. Studying for a Test Believe it or not, as important as it is, many students do not know how to study for a test. Well, studying for a test is easy. The first thing that you must do is take out your notes. Open your notes up to the section that you are supposed to review. Read what you wrote in your notebook. You should make flashcards with the important vocabulary words. Flashcards are great because you can study by yourself! You should make two piles, the words you know, and the words you don’t. Keep studying until all your cards are in the KNOW pile!

  14. Low TestScores Many students have been getting low scores on tests and this is upsetting to parents, teachers, and students. Low test scores show that teachers aren’t teaching effectively or that students aren’t learning. Either way it’s an issue with which we are concerned. I propose the following: any teacher who is giving a test should open up their classroom for study groups the night and morning before the test. Maybe by giving students extra opportunities to study, we can improve students’ test scores.

  15. PeanutButter and Jelly After a long day at school, I came home and watched “Phineus and Ferb,” my favorite show. During the commercial breaks, I got up and made a peanut butter and jelly sandwich. I took the bread out of the cabinet, spread the jelly and peanut butter on the bread, and stuck the two pieces together. I enjoyed that sandwich as I watched the rest of “Phineus and Ferb.”

  16. Brian Selznick Brian Selznick follows his 2008 Caldecott Medal-winning novel, The Invention of Hugo Cabret, with Wonderstruck, which clocks in at 640 pages, 100 pages longer than Hugo, and looks like it’s going to be just as big a hit, having already received four starred reviews. Bookshelf spoke with Selznick to talk about where the story itself came from, and if he is being paid by the pound. Hugo Cabret was a thick book, but you’ve outdone yourself with Wonderstruck. Will we need wheelbarrows for your next work? I guess Wonderstruck does make Hugo look slimmer. There are 100 more drawings. But I think the size may have maxed out with Wonderstruck. I actually do feel bad, especially about kids lugging these books around. A hundred more illustrations! Did you do them in the same miniature style as Hugo? The illustrations are the same size as they were  for Hugo Cabret – one-quarter the size of what you see in the finished book. In Hugo, that was a function of the ending – they were the size of a picture the automaton could draw so at the end you would learn that the whole book had been drawn by the automaton, but I liked the technique. When you enlarge them it loosens everything up, as opposed to the artwork of somebody like Chris Van Allsburg who paints these huge illustrations and then has them shrunk down to fit in a book. That has the effect of really concentrating his artwork and it’s glorious. This does the opposite, but I like what that does for my drawings.

  17. Eligibility Being involved in after school sports and clubs is not a right. It is a privilege. Therefore, students have to meet eligibility requirements. If students have any “D”s or “E”s, they are not allowed to play. Also, if students have behavior issues in class, they cannot be on the team or in the club. Lastly, students need to keep good attendance. If students miss school, they most certainly cannot come to practice. Being on a team is a lot of responsibility. If students are not proving to be responsible, they will not be permitted to be in clubs or teams.

  18. Answers • Compare and contrast • Sequence • Sequence • Problem and solution • Sequence • Question and Answer • Cause and effect

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