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Understanding Cell Regulation: Mitosis, Cancer, and Growth Factors

Explore the intricate processes of cell regulation, mitosis, and cancer cell growth, including checkpoints in the cell cycle, the impact of density-dependent inhibition, and treatments like chemotherapy and radiation. Learn about the different types of tumors, apoptosis, and the potential of stem cells in medical advancements.

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Understanding Cell Regulation: Mitosis, Cancer, and Growth Factors

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  1. Mitosis, Cell Regulation and Cancer

  2. Cell Growth • Anchorage Dependence • Density Dependent Inhibition • Volume to Surface Area Ratio

  3. DNA Structure

  4. Chromatin

  5. Sister Chromatids

  6. Cell Cycle

  7. Prophase

  8. Metaphase

  9. Anaphase

  10. Telophase

  11. Animal Cell Cytokinesis

  12. Plant Cell Cytokinesis

  13. Interphase 3 parts G1, S phase, G2

  14. Cell Cycle Control System 1. G1 Checkpoint – initiates beginning of S phase (Nerves and muscle cells are stuck at G1 2. G2 Checkpoint - initiates M phase 3. M checkpoint – chromatids attached to spindle stimulates separation of sister chromatids in anaphase.

  15. Cancer – disease of the cell cycle • Affecting Factors – • 1. No Density Dependent Inhibition • A. some may grow without growth factors and bypass checkpoint • B. Some secrete growth factors • C. Some exhibit reduced need for anchorage

  16. Tumors – abnormal mass of cells due to excessive growth 1. Benign – abnormal mass of “normal” cells A. Secondary problems B. Do not migrate 2. Malignant – mass of cells capable of spreading to other tissues and body parts A. Replaces normal tissues B. Metastasis – spread thru blood stream or lymphatic system

  17. Cancers Named by Originating Location 1. Carcinomas – arise in external or internal coverings of body (skin, intestinal lining) 2. Sarcomas – arise in tissues that support body (muscle, bone) 3. Leukemias and Lymphomas – arise in blood-forming tissue (bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes)

  18. Treatment of Cancers • 1. Radiation – disrupts cell division • A. Disadvantage – may destroy healthy • cells along with cancerous cells 2. Chemotherapy – disrupts cell division A. Vinblastin - prevents spindle fibers from forming B. Taxol – freezes spindle fibers

  19. Apoptosis – programmed cell death 1. Removes damaged and unwanted cells 2. May protect against cancer growths

  20. Stem Cells – unspecialized cells that differentiate into specific cells • 1. Embryonic Stem Cells – fertilized egg is a zygote. Cells continue to divide producing the • A. Endoderm • B. Mesoderm • C. Ectoderm EX: grow pancreatic cells to cure diabetes 2. Adult Stem Cells – can be stimulated to produce more of “its” type of tissue. Ex: growth of sheets of skin

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