Welcome to Basic Safeguarding and Child Protection Training

1. Welcome toBasic Safeguarding and Child ProtectionTraining Trainer: Annette Blewett School: Spring Meadow Infant and Nursery School Developed by the Education Child Protection Service, Cambridgeshire County Council

2. Aims To develop confidence in managing child protection and safeguarding issues in schools through increased knowledge of: • Duties and responsibilities • Systems and procedures • Indicators of abuse and neglect • Managing disclosures • Logging concerns • Safer Working Practice

3. The Role of Schools All staff have a responsibility to provide a safe environment in which children can learn. School and college staff are particularly important as they are in a position to identify concerns early, provide help for children and prevent concerns from escalating. When concerned about the welfare of a child, staff members should always act in the best interests of the child Keeping Children Safe in Education – DfE 2018

4. What all school and college staff need to know • Systems which support safeguarding • Appropriate training which is regularly updated • Their role in the early help process • The process of making referrals • Be aware of signs of abuse and neglect • What to do if a child tells them he/she is being abused or neglected • How to maintain confidentiality (Keeping Children Safe in Education, 2018)

5. Systems which support safeguarding All staff should be aware of the following from the point of induction: • The child protection policy • The behaviour policy • The staff behaviour policy (code of conduct) • The safeguarding response to Children Missing from Education (CME) • The identity and role of the Designated Safeguarding Lead and deputies

6. Annex A Further information on: • Children and the court system • Children Missing Education • Children with family members in prison • Child Sexual Exploitation • Criminal exploitation: county lines • Domestic abuse

7. Annex A • Homelessness • So-called “honour-based” violence • Preventing radicalisation • Peer on peer abuse • Sexual violence and sexual harassment between children in schools and colleges

8. Role of the LocalSafeguarding Children Board • Responsible for Cambridgeshireand Peterborough inter-agency child protection procedures • Ensure agencies work together to safeguard children • Delivers training courses for all staff and volunteers working with children and families • Serious case reviewsare held when a child has died or been seriously injured and abuse or neglect is suspected the review decides - what lessons can be learnt - what will be changed as a result - how to improve inter-agency working

9. Key Documents Working Together to Safeguard Children (2018) Cambridgeshire LSCB Safeguarding Inter-Agency Procedures DfE statutory guidance - Keeping Children Safe in Education, Sep 2018 What to do if you’re worried a child is being abused, 2015 Guidance for Safer Working Practice … Oct 15

10. All staff should read the following: • Keeping children safe in education: information for all staff, Part 1 and Annex A, 2018; • What to do if you’re worried a child is being abused, 2015; • Guidance for safer working practice for those working with children and young people in education settings, 2015; • Safeguarding and Child Protection Policy; • Child Protection Whistle Blowing Policy • Acceptable Use Policy

11. Early Help • “All staff should be prepared to identify children who may benefit from early help”. • “Early help means providing support as soon as a problem emerges at any point in a child’s life, from the foundation years through to the teenage years” (Keeping Children Safe in Education, 2018)

12. The Local Picture In Cambridgeshire, there can be around 470 – 500 children subject to a child protection plan at any one time. • Physical abuse • Sexual abuse • Emotional abuse • Neglect

13. Abuse and Neglect Children may be vulnerable to neglect and abuse or exploitation from within their family and from individuals they come across in their day-to-day lives.

14. Wider Safeguarding • These threats can take a variety of different forms, including: • sexual, physical and emotional abuse; • neglect; • exploitation by criminal gangs and organised crime groups; • trafficking; • online abuse; • sexual exploitation • influences of extremism leading to radicalisation

15. Child Maltreatment Child protection covers all children from ages 0 - 18 Children can be abused regardless of their age, gender, culture, disability, racial origin, sexual identity or social class Children with special needs are especially vulnerable and more likely to be abused There were 98 child homicides in the UK in 2016/17 - 7.7 per million children <18 - There has been a downward trend in five-year annual death rate averages 54,846 sexual offences recorded against children under 18 in England in 2016/17 (NSPCC 2018)

16. Sexual abuse • Significant increase in the number of recorded sexual offences in the last two years from 17.4 per 10,000 children in 2012-13 to 41.3 per 10,000 children in 2016-17 • However, the number of children made subject to a Child Protection plan in Cambs remains low - just 14 currently.

17. Neglect Continues to be the most common reason for children being subject to a CP Plan (46%) In Cambridgeshire – 309 children are subject to a CP Plan for Neglect There has been a 134.6% increase in recorded crimes for neglect in the last 5 years

18. Emotional abuse • 1 in 14 children has experienced emotional abuse by a parent or guardian • The second most common reason for a child being subject to a child protection plan and has increased • 142 children subject to a CP plan for Emotional Abuse in Cambridgeshire

19. Emotional Abuse • Two thirds of 18 to 24 year olds said that they had experienced emotional abuse, which includes bullying, during their childhood. • Almost of a third of 11 to 17 year olds said that they had experienced emotional abuse in the past year. NSPCC 2018

20. NSPCC Research 60% of referrals made to NSPCC involved concerns where domestic abuse, parental substance misuse or serious mental ill health were factors

21. Domestic Abuse (DA) • A total of 13,237 DA incidents were reported to Cambridgeshire Police during 2017-18. ( a slight decrease on previous year of 1% however still a 10% increase when compared with 2015-16.) • Cambridgeshire Police therefore respond to on average 36 incidents every day. • It is estimated that children are present in up to 80% of incidents. • Children’s Social Care received 958 referrals where domestic abuse was a factor, an increase of over 50% on the previous year. • Refuges across the County housed 113 women and 145 children.

22. Principles of the Children Act Services for Children (in Need) (S 17) Services necessary to safeguard and promote the welfare of children (in need) should be provided to support families who may be in need of such services. Protection (S 47) Children must be protected from serious harm. The local authority has a duty to investigate any report that a child is suffering, or likely to suffer, significant harm.

23. Significant Harm(1989 Children Act) The Local Authority is under a duty to make enquiries where it has reasonable causeto suspect that a child is suffering or is likely to suffer significant harm. (Section 47)

24. Safeguarding Young Adults aged 18 and over Care Act, 2014 (implemented April 2015) • “Any person who is aged 18 or over and at risk of abuse or neglect because of their needs for care and support”; • Should be investigated by the adult safeguarding team.

25. Safeguarding Young Adults Policy documents: Cambridgeshire Adult Safeguarding Policy Guidance and Procedures Any safeguarding concern about a young adult aged 18 or over should be reported to the Designated Person in the same way as for under-18s.

26. Mental Capacity Act The Mental Capacity Act 2005 sets out a statutory framework for acting and making decisions on behalf of adults aged 16 years and over who lack the mental capacity to act or make such decisions for themselves.

27. Categories of child abuse • Physical abuse • Emotional abuse • Sexual abuse • Neglect (Keeping Children Safe in Education, 2018)

28. Activity: Recognising child abuseFor each category of abuse:list the possible signs, both physical and behavioural, that could be displayed by a child who may be experiencing, or has experienced, this form of abuse.

29. General Indicators of Abuse • Significant changes in behaviour without explanation • Deterioration in work • Poor attendance at school • Low self esteem • Withdrawn • Aggressiveness, anger, anxiety, tearfulness • Extremes of passivity or aggression • Fear of parents being contacted • Running away • Self Harm

30. Physical Abuse Physical indicators may include: • Bruises/marks – on soft parts of the body e.g. cheeks, forearm (in defence), hips, stomach, upper arms, shoulders and neck • Bruises/marks that carry the imprint of an implement or hand • Bite marks, burns/scalds, wheals • Unexplained recurrent injuries, burns or bruises • Untreated injuries

31. Physical Abuse Behavioural indicators may include: • Refusal to discuss injuries or improbable explanations • Flinching from physical contact • Acceptance of excessive punishment • Pattern of absences which may serve to hide bruises or other physical injuries • Wearing clothes that may cover bruises, particularly in hot weather • Fear of undressing for PE, for example • Aggression towards others • Over compliant behaviour or a ‘watchful attitude’

32. Possible signs of sexual abuse Behavioural Indicators may include: • Change in behaviour and school performance • Provocative sexual behaviour, overly affectionate • Sexual awareness inappropriate to the child’s age – shown, for example, in drawings, language, games etc • Attempts to teach other children about sexual activity • Sexualises non-sexualised objects or events • Regression to younger behaviour, e.g. bed wetting, thumb sucking • Refusing to stay with certain people or go to certain places

33. Possible signs of sexual abuse Physical Indicators may include: • Anal or vaginal soreness • Unusual discharge • Persistent urinary tract infection • Tiredness, lethargy, listlessness

34. Possible signs of neglect Parental behaviour Neglect is often characterised by parents “omitting” to care appropriately for their children: • Leaving them at home when they are too young to care for themselves • Exposing children to dangerous situations • Putting their own needs before those of their children • Leaving them with inappropriate carers • Failing to provide adequate shelter, food or clothing

35. Possible signs of neglect Physical indicators may include: • Constant hunger and tiredness • Underweight or obesity • Poor personal hygiene • Inappropriate or poor state of clothing • Poor skin or hair tone • Untreated medical problems Behavioural indicators may include: • Social isolation • Frequent lateness or non-attendance at school • Destructive tendencies • Poor relationships with peers • Scavenging and scrounging

36. Possible signs of emotional abuse Physical Indicators may include: • Delays in physical development • Self harm • Sudden speech disorders • Physical complaints with no medical basis

37. Possible signs of emotional abuse Behavioural Indicators may include: • Delays in intellectual development • Continual self-deprecation • Negative statements about self • Over-reaction to mistakes • Fearfulness • ‘Neurotic’ behaviour – obsessive rocking, thumb-sucking, and so on • Air of detachment – ‘don’t care’ attitude • Social isolation – does not join in and has few friends • Desperate attention seeking behaviour

38. Possible signs of emotional abuse Family or Parental behaviour • Mental ill-health – suicide attempts, depression, threats • Domestic Violence • Alcohol and drug abuse • Blames or puts down child • Cold and rejecting • Indifferent to child's problems or welfare • Withholds affection • Shows preferential treatment when there is more than one child in the family

39. Female Genital Mutilation “A collective term for all procedures involving the partial or total removal of external female genitalia for cultural or other non-therapeutic reasons” There were 5,391 newly recorded cases of FGM reported during 2016-17. In 57 cases, the FGM was known to have been undertaken in the UK Where known, the 5 to 9 year old age group was the most common age range at which FGM was undertaken in any country

40. Female Genital Mutilation Indicators a girl may be at risk of FGM Parent from a practising community Low community integration Mother/sisters have experienced FGM Withdrawn from PSHE A female “elder” has arrived The girl talks about it to other children The girl refers to a “special procedure”, “special occasion” or “becoming a woman”

41. Child Sexual Exploitation Child sexual exploitation is a form of child sexual abuse. It occurs where an individual or group takes advantage of an imbalance of power to coerce, manipulate or deceive a child or young person under the age of 18 into sexual activity in exchange for something the victim needs or wants, and/or for the financial advantage or increased status of the perpetrator or facilitator. The victim may have been sexually exploited even if the sexual activity appears consensual. Child sexual exploitation does not always involve physical contact; it can also occur through the use of technology.

42. What are the signs? • Going missing or regularly returning late • Regularly missing school or opting out of education • Appearing with unexplained gifts/possessions • Associating with others involved in exploitation • Older boyfriends/girlfriends • Suffering sexually transmitted infections • Changes in emotional well-being • Drug/alcohol misuse • Inappropriate sexualised behaviour

43. Protection from Radicalisation Counter-Terrorism and Security Act, 2015 • Staff in schools have a duty to be aware of the threat of radicalisation and act upon concerns; • Concerns should be seen in the context of safeguarding children and young people from harm.

44. Gangs and County Lines Children and young people involved with, or on the edges of, gangs might be victims of violence or they might be pressured into doing things like stealing or carrying drugs or weapons. They might be abused, exploited or put into dangerous situations. County Lines: ‘County Lines is a national issue involving the use of mobile phone and train ‘lines’ by groups to extend their drug dealing business into new locations outside of their home areas. This issue affects the majority of forces. A ‘county lines’ enterprise almost always involves exploitation of vulnerable persons; this can involve both children and adults who require safeguarding’ (National Crime Agency, 2015).

45. Warning Signs • Persistently going missing from home/school and/or being found away from their local area. • Unexplained acquisition of money, clothes or mobile phones. • Multiple mobile phones and/or excessive receipt of texts/calls. • Relationships with controlling, usually older, individuals or groups. • Leaving home/care without explanation. • Unexplained injuries. • Carrying weapons. • Significant decline in school attendance and achievement. • Gang association or isolation from peers or social networks. • Significant changes in emotional well-being.

46. Online safety – pupils, parents and staff Three areas of risk – 3 C’s • Content – being exposed to illegal, inappropriate or harmful material • Contact – being subjected to harmful online interaction with other users • Conduct – personal online behaviour that increases the likelihood of, or causes harm

47. Safeguarding Childrenonline “Children and young people need to be empowered to keep themselves safe…..Children will be children – pushing boundaries and taking risks. At a public swimming pool, we have gates, put up signs, have lifeguards and shallow ends, but we also teach children how to swim” Dr Tanya Byron: Safer Children in a Digital World

48. What are the potential risks of children being online? • Children and young people may see illegal or unsuitable content online, such as:- • Bullying and blackmail • Grooming • Sexual content and pornography • Dangerous advice encouraging eating disorders, self-harm or suicide • Excessive violence or race hate materials. • Some websites show illegal content. Others that are legal might have unregulated advice or are meant for adults only. • Risk of exploitation (not exclusive to sexual)

49. Sexting - The Law • It is an offence to send by means of a public electronic communications network a message or other matter that is grossly offensive, indecent, obscene or menacing • By having in their possession, or distributing, indecent images of a person under 18 on to someone else - young people are not aware that they could be breaking the law as these offences under the Sexual Offences Act 2003.

50. What can be done? Empowering children and young people to keep themselves safe when online ... Encouraging them to be responsible users of the technology ... Engaging children and young people to recognise the risks and benefits of online communication ... Enabling the adults around children and young people; whether parents, carers, professionals or volunteers, to understand and support them in their online world ...