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INTRODUCTION TO THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION TO THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. Innate and adaptive immunity. The course of a typical antibody response: The adaptive response takes 7-14 days to develop and mount a specific, protective immune response.

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INTRODUCTION TO THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

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  1. INTRODUCTION TO THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

  2. Innate and adaptive immunity

  3. The course of a typical antibody response: The adaptive response takes 7-14 days to develop and mount a specific, protective immune response

  4. An infection, and the response to it can be divided into stages and involves soluble mediators and cells of the immune system

  5. The adaptive immune response develops in the lymphoid tissues Circulating lymphocytes encounter antigen in peripheral lymph nodes Sentinel cells in the periphery pick up pathogens and transport them to the draining lymph node

  6. The immune response is dynamic, involving cells re-circulating from the tissues via the lymphatics and blood system • Innate immunity acts locally in the infected tissue, • Adaptive immune responses develop in the lymphoid tissues, • Effector cells multiply and migrate back to tissue.

  7. Cellular components of the immune system

  8. Myeloid cells in innate and adaptive immunity

  9. Phagocytic cells Polymorphonuclear neutrophils Blood monocytes

  10. Phagocytosis

  11. The mononuclear phagocyte system

  12. Mobilisation of defensive components of innate immunity

  13. Macrophages and acute inflammation

  14. B cells need T cell “help” to make antibody Lymphocytes mediate adaptive (pathogen specific) immunity:each cell has a unique antigen receptor

  15. Innate and adaptive (acquired) immunity are integrated

  16. The response to an initial infection occurs in three phases: innate, early induced, adaptive. SUMMARY

  17. Cells of the innate immune system:, macrophages, granulocytes, natural killer cells, immature B cells • Release of soluble components to opsinise phagocytosis • Release of toxic granules to kill micro-organisms, parasites or virally infected cells • Release of soluble mediators to attract other leukocytes to site of inflammation • Removal of dead or dying cells • Transfer of infectious or toxic material to lymph nodes to initiate adaptive immune response

  18. Cells of the adaptive immune system: Dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes, • Lymphocytes are generated with unique antigen receptors on their surface. • Dendritic cells (and macrophages) present antigen to lymphocytes and provide activating signals • Lymphocytes undergo clonal expansion and migrate back to area of infection as effector cells. • T cytotoxic cells selectively kill virally infected cells • T helper cells selectively help B cells produce large amounts of high affinity specific antibody. • After infection, memory lymphocytes provide protective immunity

  19. Natural killer cells kill virally infected cells Virally induced structures IFN-g released by infected cell “primes”other cells to kill it

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