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Effective and Reliable End-to-End Tsunami Warning Systems: TWC Standard Operating Procedures

This document provides an overview of tsunami early warning systems, including hazard risk assessment, warning guidance, and mitigation-preparedness. It emphasizes the importance of coordination and data sharing between national and local governments in implementing an effective warning system.

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Effective and Reliable End-to-End Tsunami Warning Systems: TWC Standard Operating Procedures

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  1. Effective and ReliableEnd-to-EndTsunami Warning Systems:TWC Standard OperatingProcedures Masahiro Yamamoto Senior Tsunami Advisor Trinidad, June 2007 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission

  2. TSUNAMI Early Warning Overview • Hazard Risk Assessment • Warning Guidance • Mitigation - Preparedness Earthquake Tsunami National Government Local Government Tsunami Warning Center What is Tsunami? People Where is Evacuation Route? Mass Media International - Regional Framework National Warning System Public Awareness Cabinet Office Japan

  3. End-to-End Tsunami Warning Systems • Upstream: • Detection, verification, threat evaluation, • tsunami forecast, warning dissemination • => Must have same quality every time • Downstream: • Delivery of public safety message, • Prepare / carry out standardized reaction • (evacuate people, • announce ‘all-clear’ when safe to return)

  4. IMPLEMENTING an EFFECTIVE EWS • WARNING CENTERprovides warning Local (educate), distant (monitor and warn) • DMO (recognized authority)receives warning immediately evaluates/translates disseminates public action Also, hazard / risk / preparedness • BOTH MUST WORK CLOSELY TOGETHER TWO ENTITIES CRITICAL: • EWS SUSTAINABILITY – ALL-HAZARDS NEEDED • COORDINATION / DATA SHARING ESSENTIAL

  5. TAKING ACTION - WHAT TO DO MOST TIMELY WARNINGS - HOW? • TO ACT FAST WITHOUT CONFUSION, - KNOW WHAT TO DO Develop/implement TWC and TERP SOP - PRACTICE Test communications, end-to-end Conduct Drills since tsunamis infrequent BEST, LONG-TERM PREPAREDNESS - HOW? • BUILD TSUNAMI ADVOCACY GROUPS - Resilient self-motivated, communities - People-centered - No simple process, no simple answers

  6. Standard Operating • Procedures (SOP) for • Tsunami Warning Centers • Objectives • Concepts of Operation • Standard Operating Procedures

  7. Taking Action – What to doTimely Warnings from TWC – How? • Careful monitoring • Need to act (fast) without confusion • Have and Give clear instruction • Quick analysis and evaluation • Appropriate decision making needs clear criteria • Delegated Authority - No time to get a highest level approval/instruction • No hesitation to update • Same quality at any time and every time

  8. Standard Operational Procedure (SOP) “A description and procedure on agreed steps by TWC used in coordinating Who, What, When, Where How for tsunami early warning”

  9. Standard Operational Procedures How to develop? Emphasize Step-by-step • Focus on minimum requirement • Developed using real scenarios (what should happen if …) • Confirm by drill/exercise • Updated by daily operations • Updated by missed-operations - so that same mistake NOT repeated • Share experiences among NTWC and TWCs • Trouble shooting

  10. What we need for Tsunami Warning Occurrence Earthquake Components of tsunami warning system Generation Tsunami Detection: Seismic Wave Network of seismographs Real time data transmission Determination: Magnitude, Hypocenter Real time data processing system Evaluation: Tsunami Criteria for Tsunami grade Issuance: Tsunami Warning Communication facility to disseminate Tsunami Warning Detection: Tsunami Re-evaluation: Tsunami Network of tide gauge to monitor tsunami Issuance: Tsunami Information

  11. USERS GUIDE FOR IOTWS INTERIM TSUNAMI ADVISORY INFO SVC • GENERAL MANUAL • TWC STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES • BULLETINS AND THEIR MEANING • DESIGNATED 7x24 TSUNAMI WARNING FOCAL POINTS

  12. Sample SOP (1) Chapter 1: General information • Role/Mission of NTWC • Strategy Chapter 2: Monitoring network, processing and dissemination system • Status • Trouble shooting • Station/Network management

  13. Sample SOP (2) Chapter 3: Local Tsunami • Criteria of Warning and Information • Location procedure • Magnitude determination • Evaluation procedure of the result • Decision making criteria • Re-Evaluation procedure based on the additional information • Back up procedure, in case

  14. Sample SOP (3) Chapter 4: Distant Tsunami • Same as Local Tsunami Chapter 5: Daily Operation/Maintenance • Check list • Exercise/Training • System/Network maintenance

  15. Coordination with Relevant Organizations for Effective Tsunami Warning （Example, JMA)

  16. Transmission and Dissemination of Tsunami Warning • JMA... • Issues tsunami warning • Takes measures for dissemination of tsunami warning • Makes efforts to disseminate tsunami warning to the public, asking for cooperation of the media Local governments... • Disseminate tsunami warning to the residents • Warn the residents and relevant organizations to take actions against the expected disasters

  17. JMA’s Tsunami Warning A. Tsunami Warning (the first issuance) Regions where tsunamis are expected Grade of the tsunamis at each region B. Tsunami Warning (2nd message) Expected arrival time and height of tsunamis at each region C. Tide and Tsunami Information (updated info.) Time of the highest tide with expected arrival time of tsunamis D. Tsunami Observations Information (updated info.) Observed tsunami information at tide stations

  18. Example of Tsunami Warning Tsunami Warning Issued by Seismological and Volcanological Department, JMA Issued at 2222 12 Jul 1997 (JST) [Forecasted Arrival Time and Height of Tsunami] Region Forecasted Arrival Time Expected Height <Major Tsunami> Northern Part of Pacific Coast of Hokkaido arrived 6m Southern Part of Pacific Coast of Hokkaido arrived 10m< Japan Sea Coast of Aomori Pref. arrived 3m <Tsunami> Western Part of Pacific Coast of Hokkaido 2230 12 Jul 1m Okhotsk Sea Coast of Hokkaido 2340 12 Jul 1m Akita Pref. 2230 12 Jul 1m Yamagata Pref. 2250 12 Jul 1m Niigata Pref., Except Sadogashima Island 2250 12 Jul 1m Sadogashima Island 2250 12 Jul 2m Noto Area, Ishikawa Pref. 2300 12 Jul 2m Fukui Pref. 2340 12 Jul 1m Kyoto Pref. 2340 12 Jul 1m Northern Part of Hyogo Pref. 2340 12 Jul 1m Tottori Pref. 2350 12 Jul 1m Shimane Pref., Except Oki Islands 0000 13 Jul 1m Oki Islands 2340 12 Jul 2m Japan Sea Coast of Yamaguchi Pref. 0050 13 Jul 1m <Tsunami Advisory> Central Part of Pacific Coast of Hokkaido 2240 12 Jul 0.5m Mutsu Bay 2310 12 Jul 0.5m Pacific Coast of Aomori Pref. arrived 0.5m Toyama Pref. 2310 12 Jul 0.5m Kaga Area, Ishikawa Pref. 2330 12 Jul 0.5m Japan Sea Coast of Fukuoka Pref. 0120 13 Jul 0.5m Iki Island and Tsushima Islands 0050 13 Jul 0.5m Note the actual tsunamis can be higher than our estimation at some parts of the coasts. No damage at some of the other coasts though there may be slight sea level changes from now on. [Epicenter and Magnitude] Time of Earthquake Occurrence: 22:17 12 July (JST) Source Location: Southwest Off Hokkaido (42.8 degree North 139.4 degree East) Focal Depth: about 50km Magnitude 7.3

  19. Means for Transmission of Tsunami Warningto Relevant Organizations In the Past... Relays by voice-Phone; takes a time 20 minutes or more Currently in seconds More Quickly 　　　- Transmission of warning message on-line basis. 　More Reliable Delivery Devices - Dedicated communication line - Back-up transmission routes

  20. Ideas for Strengthening Cooperation with National Organizations, Local Governments and Broadcasting Companies • Seminars / Symposiums • Joint staff meetings / discussions • Development of national / regional plans including communication plan with relevant organizations • Drills by different scenarios

  21. Complementary Note Tsunami may arrive before residents receive tsunami warnings Share Understanding of the Limitation of Tsunami Forecast Technique and NOT Rely Only on Tsunami Warnings Build Up Public Awareness When a strong shake is felt, leave the seashore immediately and evacuate to the safety place even if a tsunami warning is not issued (Solomon Tsunami in Apr. 2007)

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