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Computer Simulation for Emission Tomography: Geant4 and GATE

Computer Simulation for Emission Tomography: Geant4 and GATE. Xiao Han Aug. 2006. Outline. Introduction Geant4 GATE Conclusion. Introduction. Computer simulation is a necessary step in designing modern emission tomography instruments Evaluation of simulation packages

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Computer Simulation for Emission Tomography: Geant4 and GATE

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  1. Computer Simulation for Emission Tomography:Geant4 and GATE Xiao Han Aug. 2006

  2. Outline • Introduction • Geant4 • GATE • Conclusion

  3. Introduction • Computer simulation is a necessary step in designing modern emission tomography instruments • Evaluation of simulation packages • History and purpose • Features • User interface • How it works • Validation and reliability • Cost and accessibility • Current users

  4. Geant4 Toolkit • Created by GEANT4 Collaboration (1998), to provide simulation for any area where particle interacts with matter • Provides C++ classes for users to choose to assemble their own packages • Main feature • Software engineering • Object-oriented technology

  5. GATE • Created by OpenGate Collaboration in 2002 • GATE – Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission • Free • Interface • Input: script • Output: • online plotter • ASCII • Root …

  6. Features • Well validated physics model • Sophysticated geometry description • Powerful visualization & 3D rendering • Original features specific to emission tomography (temporal synchronization)

  7. GATE work flow Scanner Phantom Source Physics Digitization Acquisition

  8. Scanner geometry

  9. Scanner • Volume shape: • Box • Sphere • Cylinder • Cone • Ellipse, etc. • Material: Geant4 database & user modifiable

  10. Phantom • Similar to definition of scanner geometry or: • Voxellized phantom (e.g. real patient data)

  11. Source • Geant4 class ‘General Particle Source’ • Source properties • Activity • Type of particle • Energy distribution • Angular emission • Spatial distribution • Half-life Hoffman brain phantom

  12. Physics modeling • Photon: • Photoelectric • Compton scattering • Rayleigh scattering • Electron: • Ionization • Moller scattering • Bremsstrahlung • Electron-positron annihilation: • Gamma pair non-collinearity

  13. Gamma photon emission • Positron emission • Positron range • Positron-electron annihilation • Residual momentum hv=511keV radionuclide e+ hv=511keV

  14. Gamma photon transport • Rayleigh scattering • Compton scattering • Photoelectric hv<511keV photoelectron recoil e- hv=511keV

  15. Electron transport & energy deposition • Ionization • Moller scattering • Bremsstrahlung hv e- secondary electron e-

  16. Optical photon generation and transport • Scintillation • Transport • Surface • Reflection • Transmission

  17. Physics modeling Positron decay Optical photon transport (before PMT)

  18. Digitization A particle-matter interaction event A physical observable

  19. Acquisition • Set time slice • Update time-dependent properties (geometry, activity) at the beginning of time-slices • Proceed particle transport and data acquisition within time-slices, while system is kept static

  20. Validation http://opengatecollaboration.healthgrid.org/physics/validation.html

  21. Current users of GATE • Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (LPHE), LausanneUniversity of Clermont-Ferrand (LPC)University of Ghent (ELIS)U678 INSERM, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, ParisVrije Universiteit Brussel (IIHE)Centre d'Exploration et de Recherche Médicales par Emission de Positons (CERMEP), LyonService Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot (SHFJ), CEA-OrsayU601 INSERM, CHU NantesSungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (Division of Nuclear Medicine), SeoulUniversity Louis Pasteur (IRES), StrasbourgUniversity Joseph Fourier (LPSC), GrenobleForschungszentrum-Juelich (IME), JuelichUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School (Division of Nuclear Medicine), WorcesterU650 INSERM, LATIM, CHU Morvan, BrestUniversity of California (Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging), Los AngelesDAPNIA, CEA-SaclayMemorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (Department of Medical Physics), New YorkJohn Hopkins University (Division of Medical Imaging Physics), BaltimoreUniversity of Santiago of Chile (USACH)NIMgroup, BIOSIM, National Technical University of AthensCentre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Marseille Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et des technologies associées (SUBATECH), Nantes

  22. Conclusion • GATE is capable to simulate from source decay to optical photon transport • GATE Simulation for Optical photon generation & transport is time-consuming

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