English and Arabic Mood, Implications for Translation and Teaching

1. English and Arabic Mood, Implications for Translation and Teaching Prepared by: Hisham Y. Al- Haj Ahmad Prof. Dr. Walid Amer Contrastive Linguistics Course 2019

2. What is the grammatical mood? • Inlinguistics, grammatical mood (also mode) is agrammatical feature of verbs, used for signaling modality. • It is the use of verbal inflections that allow speakers to express their attitude or intent toward what they are saying (e.g. a statement of fact, desire, command, certainty, obligation, necessity, and possibility etc.).

3. The term is also used more largely to describe the syntactic expression of modality; that is, the use of verb phrases that do not involve infletionof the verb itself. • Mood is distinct from grammatical tenseor grammatical aspect, although the same word patterns are used for expressing more than one of these meanings at the same time in many languages, including English and most other modern languages.

4. There are four mood categories in English: • Indicative •  Imperative • Subjunctive • Optative

5. These are all use the finite forms of the verb. • The expression of futureis closely bound up with mood. Futurity, modalityand aspectare closely related.

6. English Moods 1- Indicative The indicative mood, or evidential mood, is used for factual statements and positive beliefs. It is the mood of reality. The indicative mood is the most commonly used mood and is found in all languages.

7. English verbs are marked for the indicative mood in the present third person singular only by the suffix -s. The past tense form is not marked for the indicative. Examples: • Joeplays outside. (The speaker thinks it's a fact.) • Itwillrain soon. (The speaker thinks it's a fact.) • Shewasstudying all day long. • Paul is eating an apple. • John eatsan apple everyday. • Whales are mammals, not fish.

8. Other examples: • We willvisit U.S.A and Chanada next year. • She liked Jack as soon as she met him. • They’re meeting us tomorrow morning • I go, we go, you go, they go, he goes, she goes, it goes • I went, we went, you went, they went, he went, she went, it went. *All intentions that a particular language does not categorize as another mood are classified as indicative.

9. 2- Imperative • The imperative mood expresses directcommands, prohibitions, and requests. It is used to order or ask someone to do something, to offer adviceor encouragement, to give instructions, or to make suggestions. In many circumstances, using the imperative mood may sound blunt or even rude, so it is often used with care.

10. Imperatives in the affirmative are formed with the infinitive of the verb (withoutto), whilenegative imperatives are made with the infinitive together with ( do+ not). The imperative doesn't typically have a subject. • Occasionallydo is not used,we can also use ”dare” e.g. Darenot touch me! Note: we use the contraction (Don’t) in informal situations, but we use (Do not) for formal ones. Don’t eat in the class. Do not drive a car without a licence.

11. Imperative mood is often expressed using special conjugated verb forms. Like otherfiniteverb forms, imperatives often inflect for person. • Thus, an imperative is used for telling someone to do something without arguing. Many languages, including English, use the bare verb stem to form the imperative (such as go, open, run, do, etc…) • This is usually also the same as the second-person present indicative form, except in the case of the verb to be, where the imperative is be while the indicative is are.

12. In English, the second person is implied by the imperative except when first-person plural is specified, as in "Let's go" ("Let us go"). This means that the second-person imperatives(used for ordering or requesting performance directly from the person being addressed) are most common. • In essence, English verbs are not inflectionally marked for the imperative. The imperative is the uninflected verb form used with the second person YOU which is usually omitted. However, it can be included for emphasis.

13. Examples: • Go outside! (This is a command.) • Close the door, please. (This is a request.) • Don'tmove the object.(This is an instruction.) • Open the window. • Take the first turn on the left. • Just keep calm and relax. • Be quiet! • Don’t forget your keys. ( a negative form) • Have a great holiday. • Let’s go to see a movie this weekend! • Please stop annoying me!

14. 3- Subjunctive • The subjunctive is a grammatical mood (that is, a way of speaking that allows people to express their attitude toward what they are saying) found in many languages. • The subjunctive mood, sometimes called conjunctivemood, has several uses in dependent clauses. • Subjunctiveforms of verbsare typically used to express various states of unreality such as wish, emotion, possibility, judgement, opinion, obligation, or actionsthat have not yet occurred.

15. The subjunctive form of a verb (apart from verb to be) is made from thethird person present singular, without the -s (or -es) ending. With these verbs, the same forms are used whether or not the context is the present or the past. • It means that when verbs are in the subjunctive mood, n0 suffix is added to the verb in the third person singular. This also means that there is noagreementbetween the subjectand the finiteverbin the third person singular. We use the uninflected base form of the verb.

16. The subjunctive is used in the clauses after some verbs and adjectives such as insist, demand, require, move, ask, propose, suggest, essential, necessary, recommend, etc... Examples: * I suggestthat Pauleat an apple. (not eats) • The sentence refers to an event which may or may not take place. Unlike the indicative verb of the sentence e.g. "Paul will eat an apple", in which the verb "will eat" states an unambiguous fact. Another way of expressing the suggestionis *I suggestthat Paul should eat an apple.

17. It was suggested that he wait till the next morning. • They demanded that the minister explain who authorized the action. • The ordinary, indicative forms of the verbs in these examples would be waits and explainsbut it would be grammatically incorrect to use them in the following cases: ✗It was suggested that he waits till the next morning. ✗They demanded that the ministerexplains who authorized the action.

18. The use of this subjunctive occurs mainly in formal style, such as: to + infinitive orshould + infinitive : Examples: *It is necessary that every member inform himself of these rules. (recommendation) * It is necessary for every member to inform himself of these rules. (demand) * It is necessary for every member should inform himself of these rules. (resolution)

19. Should • The doctor recommended that she should see a specialist about her problem. • The teacher suggested that he should study harder for the final exam • Negative • I suggest that you nottake the job without negotiating the salary. • The company asked that employees notaccept personal phone calls during working hours. • Passive • Adam recommended that Mona be hired immediately. • We suggested that you be admitted to the organization.

20. Other examples of the subjunctive mood: • I suggested that he goon a bus tour. • They suggest that yoube careful. • It is important that shestay by your side • It is essential that the volunteerarriveon time. • I advise that youmoveyour car away from the tree. The corresponding indicative forms of the verbs in bold would be………………………..!! Answer?

21. The subjunctive is used when an unreal meaning is expressed. It is used in conditionaland subordinateclausesafter optative verbs like wish. It occurs as the first and the third person singular past of the verb be. Here are the other main uses of the subjunctive: afterif, as if, as though, and unless. Examples: • I wish I were in Saudi Arabia. • If hewerea football star, he would collect a lot of money. • I wish I were more overconfident. • She spoke to me as if she weremy boss. • Merry walks as if she werea queen. • John would eat if he were hungry.

22. The subjunctive is used in a few formal idioms expressing a strong wish ( it is called the optative mood which is closely related to the subjunctive mood). Here, the subjunctive consists of the base form of the verb: • Allah savethe king. • Heaven forbidthat he should fail his exams. • May you have a long life! • May Allah bless you. • Let there be peace on earth. • May you be healthy and strong. • So help me Allah

23. Tenses of Subjunctive Mood • The conjugation of this mood becomes a significantly more complex matter when used in different tenses. However, casual spoken English rarely uses the subjunctive, and generally restricts the conditional mood to the simplepresentand simple past. • The terms presentsubjunctiveand pastsubjunctivecan be misleading, as they describe formsrather than meanings: the past and present subjunctives are so-called because they resemble the past and present indicative, respectively, but the difference between them is a modal one , not a temporal one .

25. Now decide which mood is being used: 1) Let's go for a walk. indicative imperative subjunctive 2) Where are you from? indicative imperative subjunctive 3) If I had studied harder, I would have passed. imperative indicative subjunctive 4) Stop writing, put your pens down. imperative indicative subjunctive 5) Science is fascinating. imperative subjunctive indicative 6) I wish we were able to speak perfect English. subjunctive indicative imperative √ √ √ √ √ √

26. The implications of Mood in Arabic

27. Arabichas five moods: • Imperative • Indicative • subjunctive • Jussive • Energetic

28. Generally, a present tense imperfectverbfiʿilmudāriʿفعلمضارعmay be found in one of three grammatical moods: the indicative, the subjunctive and the jussive. In traditional Arabic grammar these verb moods are known as marfūʿمرفوع , manṣūbمنصوبand majzūmمجزوم, and each markthe verb with a different vowelized ending. If a verb is unmodifiedthen it will be in the indicativemoodmarfūʿمرفوع. Depending on the context, a verb may also be found in either the subjunctive or the jussive moods.

29. Imperative الأمر أو الطلب The imperative is formed by adding the prefix ?u- or its variant ?i- to the base form of the perfect verb together with an internal change in the vowel. The imperative has five forms ( the imperative is marked for number and gender): masculine singular (?u-kttub, ?i-shrab), feminine singular (?u-ktubii, ?i-shrabii), dual (?u-ktubaa, ?i-shrabaa), masculine plural (?u-ktubuu, ?i-shrabuu), feminine plural (?u-ktubna, ?i-shrabna).

30. The initial ?u-of ?i- is elided in الوصل همزة الوصل تحذف اذا كانت في بداية الكلام ( ادرس) واذا سبقت بكلمة أخرى مثل ( محمداكتب) او اذا سبقت بحرف مثل (وادرس– واكتب). • Some verbs occur only in the imperfect and cannot form the imperative such as: ( أفعال جامدة تأتي بهذه الصيغة) ليس –عسى - أنشأ - طفق – (أخذ بمعنى بدأ) – نِعْمَ - بئس - ساء - حبذا - خلا –عدا - حاشا - قلما. • Some verbs occur only in the imperative. They have no perfect or perfect form, e.g.: تعلم- هب – هات – هلم- تعال

32. Indicative المثبت Imperfect verbs are marked for the indicative mood by the suffix -u. The suffix -uhas two variants: -ni, -na and 0. The distribution of the indicative mood suffix and its variants is as follows: The suffix-u is added to the base form of the verb to convert it to the indicative mood as in ?ana ?adrus-u, nahnu nadrus-u, ?anta tadrus-u, huwa yadrus-u, hiya tadrus-u.

33. The suffix -niis added in the dualas in ?antmaatadrus-aa-ni,and humaayadrus-aa-ni • -nais added to the second person singular feminine ?anti tadrus-ii-na, the second and third person masculine plural as in ?antumtadrusuu-naand hum yadrusuu-na • 0suffix is added to the verb in the second and third feminine plural as in ?antunnatadrus-ni, hunnayadrusna.

35. Subjunctive المنصوب In Arabic the subjunctive mood is confined to the imperfect. It isused in the subordinateclauses and follows certainparticles(النواصب) which are said to govern the verb in the subjunctive. The subjunctive mood occurs only in subordinate clauses. It indicates an act which is dependent upon what is mentioned in the previous clause, and it is governed by many particles.

36. Semantically, the subjunctive mood occurs when a verb is used in the context of intent, purpose, expectation, permission, possibility or necessity. Syntactically, verbs in the subjunctive mood are found after certain particles. • Imperfect verbs take the suffix -a (fatha) instead of the indicative–u when preceded by the particles -أن - لن -كي -إذن • In such a case dammais substituted by fatha; and -niand -naare deleted.

37. The following table lists particles which may place a verb into the subjunctive mood:

38. Indicative subjunctive ?ana ?adrus-u lan ?adrus-a ?anta tadrus-u lan tadrus-a huwa yadrus-u lan yadrus-a hiya tadrus-u lan tadrus-a nahnu nadrus-u lan ?adrus-a ?anti tadrus-ii-na lan tadrusii- ?antum tadrus-uu-na lan tadrusaa hum yadrus-uu-na lan tadrusaa- ?antumaa tadrus-aa-ni lan tadrusuu humaa yadrus-aa-ni lan tadrusuu humaa tadrus-aa-ni lan tadrusuu- ?antunna tadrus-na lan tadrus-na hunna yadrus-na lan tadrus-na

39. The Particle أو(unless that , until) لاستسھلن الصعب أو أدركَالمنى Example: - I'll consider all difficult things easy untilI attain my aim. • إذن(In that ease, well then). This particle expresses a result or consequences andgoverns the verb in the subjunctive mood if it follows immediately, as: سأدفع لك الثمن الیوم – إذنسأرسل لك البضاعة في الحال I'll pay you today. well then, I'll send the goods at once

40. Examples in English and Arabic: • I suggest that she studyhard. أنا أقترح أنتدرسَبجد • Iinsist that he playwith me. أنا أصر على أنيلعبَمعي • It is essential thattheybe told soon. من الضروري أنيتمَإخبارهم قريبًا • It is recommended that we be on time. إنه من المستحسن أننكونَعلى الوقت. • It is urgent that Adam come early. على آدم أنيأتيَمبكرًا • If I were she, I wouldplaythe guitar. .لو كنت مكانها, لعزفَتُعلى الغيتار

41. بعض الشواهد القرآنية: « وَقَالُوا لَنْ يَدْخُلَ الْجَنَّةَ إِلَّا مَنْ كَانَ هُودًا أَوْ نَصَارَىٰ» And they say: "None shall enter Paradise unless he be a Jew or a Christian." «أَمْ حَسِبْتُمْ أَن تَدْخُلُواْ ٱلْجَنَّةَوَلَمَّا يَأْتِكُم مَّثَلُ ٱلَّذِينَ خَلَوْاْ مِن قَبْلِكُم» “You think that you will enter Paradise” « وَلَا يَأْبَ كَاتِبٌ أَنْ يَكْتُبَ كَمَا عَلَّمَهُ اللَّه “No scribe (clerk) shall refuse to write as Allah has taught him.” « قَالَ فَاهْبِطْ مِنْهَا فَمَا يَكُونُ لَكَ أَن تَتَكَبَّرَ فِيهَا» Allah said "Descend from Paradise for it is not for you to be arrogant therein So get out.” « لنتنالوا البر حتى تنفقوا مما تحبون » “Never will you attain the good reward until you spend from that you love and whatever you spend - indeed Allah is knowing of it.”

42. Verbs in the present tense are negated by لا We do not watch this movie. لا نُشاھِدُ ھذا الفيلم • In addition to other particles of subjectivity which express purpose/intention, and it means “in order to, so that.” في اللغة العربية تعني: کي ، لِ ، لکي سافروا إلی مصرَ لِیدرسواھُناكَ. e.g. * They travelled to Egypt in order to studythere. The original form of the underlined verb is يدرسون • This particle expresses a cause, and is known as فاء السببيةe.g. Don’t say that lest you should be sorry لا تقل ذلك فتندمَ.

43. Jussive اﻟﻤﺠزوم Imperfectverbs in the jussive mood are found in five main contexts: • After the negative particlelam( لم) • After the imperativelām prefix. • As a prohibition (negative imperative) with the particle lā (لا( • As the result of an imperative. • In conditional clauses. The indicative suffixes -u(damma), -ni, and -naare deleted, when the imperfect verb is preceded by the particles: لم يدرسا – لا تلعبا – لتدرسا – من يدرس ينجح

45. Indicative مرفوع مثبت jussiveمجزوم منفي • ?ana ?adrus-u lam?adrus- • ?anta tadrus-u lamtadrus- • huwayadrus-u lamyadrus- • hiya tadrus-u lamtadrus- • Nahnunadrus-u lamnadrus- • ?anti tadrus-ii-nalamtadrusii- • ?antumtadrus-uu-nalamtadrusoou • ?antumaatadrus-aa-nilamtadrusuuh • ? hunnayadrus-nalamyadrus-na

47. Energetic التوكيد • The energetic suffix -nnaand its variants -nni, -nare added to the indicative, jussiveand imperative. (-nni)is used in the dual. • -n never occurs in the dualor feminineplural. • -nnaand its variants are deletedbefore another consonant. The suffixes -nnaand -nnare preceded by the -a in the indicative, jussive and imperativemoods. e.g. يدرسَنّ – يدرسانِّ - ادرسَنَّ – تدرسانِّ

48. imperfect energetic • ?ana la-?adfa9-a-nna • nahnu la-nadfa9-a-nna • ?anta la-tadfa9-a-nna • ?anti la-tadfa9-i-nna • ?antumaa la-tadfa9-aa-nni • ?antum la-tadfa9-u-nna • ?antunna la-tadfa9-naa-nni • huwa la-yadfa9-a-nna • hiya la-tadfa9-a-nna • Humaa la-yadfa9-aa-nni • hum la-yadfa9-u-nna • hunna la-yadfa9-naa-nni

49. √ Choose the correct answer and then translate each sentence: • Mona asked that we ……………… her graduation party: a. be attended b. attend • It is necessary that she ………………to take her medicine twice a day: a. remember b. remembers • It is difficult to find the restaurant. I suggest that we all ……………… together so that nobody gets lost along the way: a. drive b. be driving √ √

50. She suggests that Adam  ………… full time from Saturday: • a. work b. works • He said it was essential that Adam  ……………… the box: • a. guard b. to guarding • It is imperative that the game  ……………… at once: • a. begins b. begin • I insist that you ……………… with me: • a. not come b. do not come √ √ √ √