Early Space Explorers

2. 384-322 85-165 1473-1543 1546-1601 1571-1630 1564-1642 1642-1727 BC AD DARK AGES Aristotle Ptolemy Copernicus Brahe Kepler Galileo Newton Early Space Explorers

3. 384-322 BC AD DARK AGES Aristotle Early Space Explorers

4. Early Space Explorers • Aristotle Laws of Motion • The natural state of objects is at rest • Heavy objects fall faster than light objects

5. Early Space Explorers • Aristotle • Earth = center of universe • Moon, Sun & 5 known planets carried on crystalline spheres • Orbit are circular • Superluner vs. Sublunar

9. 85-165 BC AD DARK AGES Ptolemy Early Space Explorers

10. The Ptolemaic Solution Early Space Explorers • Ptolemy • Earth = center of universe • Moon, Sun & 5 known planets carried on crystalline spheres • Orbit are circular

11. Dark Ages The models developed by Aristotle and Ptolemy dominated astronomy for 14 centuries

12. 1473-1543 BC AD DARK AGES Copernicus Early Space Explorers

13. Exterior Planet Interior Planet Early Space Explorers • Copernicus • Sun is near the center of universe • Planets rotate aroundSunon crystalline spheres • Orbit are circular • Simpler explanation for path of planets

14. 1546-1601 BC AD DARK AGES Brahe Early Space Explorers

15. Early Space Explorers • Brahe • Earth = center of universe • Sun and Moon rotate around Earth • All other planets rotate around the Sun • Very precise measurements of the heavens using a sextant

16.  2  2 Early Space Explorers • Brahe  h D h = 2 D tan (½ )

17. 1571-1630 BC AD DARK AGES Kepler Early Space Explorers

18. Kepler’s First Law The orbits of the planets are ellipses with the Sun at one of the foci Early Space Explorers • Kepler • Sun = center of universe • Planets rotate around the Sun in elliptical orbits • 3 Laws

19. Kepler’s Second Law The line between an orbiting planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times Early Space Explorers • Kepler • Sun = center of universe • Planets rotate around the Sun in elliptical orbits • 3 Laws

20. Kepler’s Third Law The square of an orbit’s period is proportional to the cube of the average distance between the planet and the Sun P2 ~ a3 Early Space Explorers • Kepler • Sun = center of universe • Planets rotate around the Sun in elliptical orbits • 3 Laws

21. Early Space Explorers • Kepler Review

22. 1564-1642 BC AD DARK AGES Galileo Early Space Explorers

23. Early Space Explorers • Galileo • Invented the telescope • Moon: mountains, valleys • Sun: blemishes

24. Early Space Explorers • Galileo • Invented the telescope • Disproved Aristotle • Moon: mountains, valleys • Sun: blemishes • Light and heavy objects fall at the same rate

25. 1642-1727 BC AD DARK AGES Newton Early Space Explorers

26. Early Space Explorers 1. “Every object persists in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed upon it” 2. “Force is equal to the change in mometum per change in time” 3. “For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction” • Newton • Miracle Year – 1665: • Invented calculus • Law of Gravitation • First reflective telescope • 1667: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy • Newton’s Laws of Motion

27. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky“Father of Russian Cosmonautics”1857-1935 His Classic article "Research into Interplanetary Space by Means of Rocket Power" was published in 1903, the year of the first airplane flight by the Wright Brothers. It accurately described the state of weightlessness and the theoretical function of rockets in a vacuum. He demonstrated why rockets would be needed for space exploration, and also advocated the use of liquid propellants that are used today.

28. Robert Goddard“Father of Modern Rocketry”1882-1945 His experiments with both solid and liquid fueled rockets formed much of the basis of the development of ballistic missiles, earth-orbiting satellites, and interplanetary exploration.

29. Wernher Von Braun1912 - 1977 Braun began working on a new secret weapon, the V2 Rocket. This 45 feet long, liquid-fuelled rocket carried a one ton warhead, and was capable of supersonic speed and could fly at an altitude of over 50 miles. 5,000 V-2s were launched, only 1,100 hit their target. In 1952, Braun became technical director of the US Army's Ballistic Missile Agency at Huntsville, Alabama and was chiefly responsible for the manufacture and successful launching of Redstone, Jupiter-C, Juno and Pershing missiles.