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Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan

Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan. Plan formed in 1863; leniency to the South and quick re-entry into the Union General pardon to most rebels; leaders exempt from amnesty Loyalty oath by 10% of the rebels. Lee’s Loyalty Oath. Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan.

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Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan

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  1. Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan Plan formed in 1863; leniency to the South and quick re-entry into the Union • General pardon to most rebels; leaders exempt from amnesty • Loyalty oath by 10% of the rebels Lee’s Loyalty Oath

  2. Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan 3. Guarantee of free elections; including freemen 4. Passage of 13th Amendment, abolishing slavery

  3. 13th Amendment • Ratified in December, 1865. • Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. • Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

  4. Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan Opposed by “Radical Republicans”; mostly Northern ex-abolitionists Led in House by Thaddeus Stevens (R – PA) Led in Senate by Charles Sumner Goal: to punish and reconstruct the South according to new racial lines

  5. Wade-Davis Bill (1864) • “Iron-Clad” Oath. • “State Suicide” Theory [MA Senator Charles Sumner] • “Conquered Provinces” Position[PA Congressman Thaddeus Stevens] PocketVeto PresidentLincoln Wade-DavisBill

  6. Lincoln’s Assassination April 15th, 1865: Lincoln assassinated at Ford’s Theatre by John Wilkes Booth Impact upon the South and Reconstruction

  7. Lincoln’s Assassination Death of Lincoln allows Andrew Johnson to assume presidency

  8. Hanging of the four conspirators Death of John Wilkes Booth

  9. Background: raised in poverty became a tailor; learned to read at age 17 Senator from Tennessee; only one not to secede added as VP on Union Party (former War Democrat) racist; hated blacks and rich Southern whites Andrew Johnson

  10. New Southern State Governments Re-election of ex-Confederates; i.e. Alexander Stephens, former VP of the Confederacy Ex-Confederate officers chosen as governors and Congressmen Passes the “Black Codes”; designed to maintain Southern society as before

  11. Growing Northern Alarm! • Many Southern state constitutions fell short of minimum requirements. • Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons. • Revival of southern defiance. BLACK CODES

  12. Return of the freedmen to a near slave status; Forced labor Unemployment illegal No voting/jury duty/testifying in court against whites Segregation of the races The Black Codes

  13. The Black Codes Supported by Johnson; Radicals outraged vow to overturn Codes

  14. Condition of the Freedmen Extreme poverty; beginning of sharecropping Persecution by white supremacy groups Nathan Bedford Forrest

  15. Sharecropping

  16. Slavery is Dead?

  17. The Freedmen’s Bureau Designed to assist newly freed slaves; resented in the South as “meddling” with race relations Provided: food shelter education employment

  18. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) • Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. • Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen. • Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

  19. Freedmen’s Bureau School

  20. Congress Breaks with the President • Congress bars SouthernCongressional delegates. • February, 1866  Presidentvetoed the FreedmenBureau bill. • March, 1866  Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act. • Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes  1st in U. S. history!!

  21. Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle” The 1866 Bi-Election • A referendum on Radical Reconstruction. • Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around the country to push his plan. • Republicanswon a 3-1majority in both houses and gained control of every northern state.

  22. The Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 South divided into five military districts, under martial law passage of 14th & 15th Amendments required; guarantee of freedmen’s rights Philip Sheridan

  23. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 • Command of the Army Act • The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military. • Tenure of Office Act • The President could not remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval. • Designed to protect radicalmembers of Lincoln’s government. • A question of the constitutionality of this law. Edwin Stanton

  24. 14th Amendment • Ratified in July, 1868. • Section. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. • Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

  25. 15th Amendment • Ratified in 1870. • The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. • The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. • Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

  26. Black & White Political Participation

  27. Blacks in Southern Politics • Core voters were black veterans. • Blacks were politically unprepared. • Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867. • The 15th Amendment guaranteedfederal voting.

  28. Black Senate & House Delegates

  29. Colored Rulein the South?

  30. President Johnson’s Impeachment • Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868. • Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction. • The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!

  31. The Senate Trial • 11 week trial. • Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).

  32. The End of Reconstruction Acceptance of the South of provisions of Act Creation of “Redeemer Governments” Waning enthusiasm in the North for Reconstruction, more interested in economic growth, corruption in politics, and western expansion Political corruption in the Grant Administration

  33. 1876 Presidential Tickets

  34. 1876 Presidential Election

  35. Crisis Over the 1876 Election Republicans dispute the returns of three Southern States: Louisiana, S. Carolina, and Florida

  36. The Political Crisis of 1877 • “Corrupt Bargain”Part II?

  37. Compromise of 1877 Negotiated between two parties three days before the inauguration: Republicans receive electoral votes of disputed States; Hayes wins! Promise to remove remaining federal troops from the South No interference in Southern Black Codes; blacks abandoned

  38. A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877

  39. Renewed racial hostility: passages of new Black Codes, the “Jim Crow” laws; strict segregation of the races Democratic dominance in the South Few reforms in Southern governments Impact of Reconstruction

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