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Deviance and Criminology

Deviance and Criminology. Deviance . Behaviors , Beliefs VIOLATING social norms Need NOT cause harm to be deviant. Rules . Norms in a society that are not always agreed upon STANDARDS of CONDUCT

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Deviance and Criminology

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  1. Deviance and Criminology

  2. Deviance • Behaviors , Beliefs VIOLATING social norms • Need NOT cause harm to be deviant

  3. Rules • Norms in a society that are not always agreed upon • STANDARDS of CONDUCT • ENFORCEMENT of NORMS (Norms provide group members with routine and predictability)- Society imposes SANCTIONS (Vary according to groups, norms violated, etc..

  4. DEVIANCE (Clinard / Meier) • STATISTICAL DEVIANCE: “Normal Behavior is BEHAVIOR that occurs most frequently • Merely being “different” doesn’t mean doing what he / she should not • Limited usefulness of this definition • FREQUENTLY USED by LAW ENFORCEMENT to JUSTIFY more law enforcement officials, etc. USED by JUDGE / SHERIFF to get reelected

  5. DEVIANCE (Clinard / Meier) • LABELING DEFINITION: Crucial element is SOCIAL REACTION (HOW HARSH IS THE LABEL APPLIED - EX: Colonial Period -> Public Humiliation DEVIANCE IS ONE TO WHOM THE LABEL HAS SUCCESSFULLY BEEN APPLIED Social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance - DEVIANT BEHAVIOR is BEHAVIOR that PEOPLE so LABEL

  6. DEVIANCE (Clinard / Meier) • RELATIVE Recognizes WIDE cultural variances in NORMS as WELL as the IMPORTANCE of SOCIAL REACTION - DEVIANCE DEPENDS on the GROUP that is the AUDIENCE! DEVIANCE is RELATIVE as it is DIFFERENCE AMONG VARIOUS CULTURES & TIME PERIODS and VARIES by PLACE Ex: COHABITATING – Living together before marriage – Socially acceptable – YEARS AGO – CRIMINAL and DEVIANT

  7. PERSPECTIVES on DEVIANCE • CONSENSUS • STILL WIDE AGREEMENT ON SOME NORMS NOT ONLY WITHIN A SPECIFIC CULTURE BUT AMONG VARIOUS CULTURES EX: HOMICIDE , STEALING of PERSONAL PROPERTY, VIOLATION of SEXUAL RIGHTS -> GENERALLY DISAPPROVED BY THE GREAT MAJORITY of PEOPLE / CULTURES / NATIONS etc.

  8. PERSPECTIVES on DEVIANCE • CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE (KARL MARX) Argued that in a CAPITALIST SOCIETY – RULING CLASS CONTROLS ALL MAJOR INSTITUTIONS and USES CONTROL of POLITICAL INSTITUTION IS ESPECIALLY SIGNIFICANT EX; CURRENT DRUG LAW -> Severe penalty possession or sale of CRACK COCAINE -> (3 x 8 LONGER) However, a CHEMICALLY IDENTICAL SUBSTANCE – POWDERED FORM (LESS SEVERE PENALTY)

  9. PERSPECTIVES on DEVIANCE • SOCIAL CONTROL PERSPECTIVE Is the KEY to UNDERSTANDING DEVIANCE the PROCESS by which: 1) Persons learn HOW and WHY to break NORMS? OR 2) Persons learn NOT to break norms?

  10. PERSPECTIVES on DEVIANCE • SOCIAL CONTROL PERSPECTIVE Is the KEY to UNDERSTANDING DEVIANCE the PROCESS by which: 1) Persons learn HOW and WHY to break NORMS? OR 2) Persons learn NOT to break norms?

  11. PERSPECTIVES on DEVIANCE • SOCIAL CONTROL PERSPECTIVE If DEVIANCE can be so PROFITABLE and so MUCH FUN, WHY DOESN’T EVERYONE VIOLATE THE RULES with WILD ABANDON? * Social control theorists say the answer lies in the way we are socialized into CONFORMING BEHAVIOR -> We learn to to REWARD RULE-FOLLOWING and THUS become attached to socially approved behavior.

  12. NEUTRALIZATION * USED TO JUSTIFY RULE-BREAKING WITHOUT REJECTING THE RULE ITSELF. SOUNDS CONTRADICTORY: YET, ALMOST NO RULE EXISTS WITHOUT AN EXCEPTION -> EX: We say homicide is wrong -> yet say, “JUSTIFIABLE HOMICIDE”

  13. TECHNIQUES of NEUTRALIZATION • DENIAL of RESPONSIBILITY • DENIAL of INJURY • DENIAL of VICTIM • CONDEMNATION OF THE CONDEMNERS • APPEAL TO HIGHER LOYALTIES

  14. LABELING and CRIME • Every human ACT is social crime is CREATED and DEFINED SOCIALLY CRIME is CREATED and DEFINED SOCIALLY IN THE PROCESS of SOCIAL INTERACTION!

  15. LABELING and CRIME THE EXPLORATION of the consequences of APPLYING DEVIANT TO INDIVIDUALS -- STIGMA PRIMARY DEVIANCE: Original behavior that violated a RULE or LAW SECONDARY DEVIANCE: LABELING and TREATING PEOPLE as DEVIANTS and CRIMINALS!

  16. CRIME LEGALISTIC APPROACH: Crime is ANY violation of a LAW enacted by a legitimate government NATURAL LAW APPROACH: Crime as a VIOLATION of some ABSOLUTE PRINCIPLE US FOLLOWS COMMON LAW TRADITION NUMEROUS CASES ACCUMULATE TO FORM A COHERENT SET of LEGAL PRINCIPLES BASED on PRECEDENT (THOSE CASES THAT HAVE COME BEFORE THE COURTS!) **** MANY OTHER SOCIETIES DO NOT!!! ******

  17. SOCIAL CONTROL • Encourages CONFORMITY • Discourages deviance • FORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL - SANCTIONS are USED to keep CONFORMITY • POSITIVE SANCTIONS + -> Good Conduct Medal • NEGATIVE SANCTIONS - -> Parking Fine , Academic Probation

  18. INTERNALIZATION of NORMS Most conformity results from the INTERNALIZATION OF NORMS DURING the PROCESS of MORAL SOCIALIZATION i.e. MORAL DEVELOPMENT

  19. INTERNALIZATION of NORMS Most conformity results from the INTERNALIZATION OF NORMS DURING the PROCESS of MORAL SOCIALIZATION i.e. MORAL DEVELOPMENT

  20. REALITY……. • Above all……. There are NO TECHNIQUES that HAVE BEEN SUCCESSFUL in TERMS of CONSISTENCY REHABILITATING CONVICTED AMERICAN CRIMINALS • ARGUMENTS INCLUDE: • 1) “CULTURE of POVERTY” causes CRIME • 2) CRIMINAL DEVIANCE is LEARNED • 3) TRADITIONAL THEORISTS ASSOCIATE SOCIAL CONDITIONS of POVERTY – POOR SCHOOLS, BROKEN FAMILIES, DELINQUENT PEER GROUP RELATIONS and SO…with CRIMINALITY!

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