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The respiratory system

CHAPTER 13. The respiratory system. VOCABULARY CH.13 (25) pages 427-437. alveoli paranasal sinuses apex parietal pleura asthma (Pg. 449) pharynx base pulmonary/visceral pleura bronchioles residual volume conchae respiration

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The respiratory system

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  1. CHAPTER 13 The respiratory system

  2. VOCABULARY CH.13 (25)pages 427-437 • alveoli paranasal sinuses • apex parietal pleura • asthma (Pg. 449) pharynx • base pulmonary/visceral pleura • bronchioles residual volume • conchae respiration • epiglottis respiratory membrane • expiratory reserve volume respiratory zone • hard palate soft palate • inspiration tidal volume • inspiratory reserve volume * tonsils • larynx trachea • main bronchi *=not bolded

  3. COLOR CODES (PLATES 70,75) • Plate 70Plate 75 Nasal cavity – yellow Right upper – dark green Pharynx – green Right middle – green *Larynx – orange Right lower –lt. green *Trachea – blue Left upper – dk. brown *Primary bronchi – red Left lower – brown Lungs – peach Visceral pleura – lt. blue Diaphragm – brown Parietal pleura – aqua Lobar bronchi – pink Segmental bronchii– dark pink * = onboth color sheets /magenta Bronchioles – light brown Right lung – peach Left lung - yellow

  4. I. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM A. functions: 1. oversee gas exchanges b/t blood & external environment 2. shares responsibility for supplying the body with O2 and disposing of CO2 B. includes: 1. nose 2. pharynx 3. larynx 4. trachea 5. bronchi & branches 6. lungs wh/ contain alveoli

  5. C. gas exchange 1. gas exchanges w/ blood happen in alveoli ONLY 2. all other structures are conducting passageways allowing air to reach lungs 3. all other structures also purify, humidify & warm air

  6. II. STRUCTURES (illus. pgs. 427-428) A. Nose 1. only externally visible part of respiratory system 2. nostrils → external nares 3. nasal cavity a. interior of nose b. divided by nasal septum 4. nasal mucosa a. lines nasal cavity b. produces sticky mucus (moistens air, traps bacteria & debris) c. has ciliated cells that move contaminated mucus towards pharynx → swallowed

  7. 5. conchae a. 3 mucosa-covered projections/lobes b. on lateral walls of nasal cavity c. greatly increases surface area of mucosa exposed to air 6. palates a. partition separates nasal cavity from oral cavity b. 2 types: *hard palate – anterior, supported by bone *soft palate – unsupported posterior part

  8. 7. paranasal sinuses a. surrounds nasal cavity b. functions: *help moisten air *lighten skull *act as resonance chambers for speech *produce mucus

  9. B. Pharynx 1. muscular passageway for food & air 2. tonsils a. clusters of lymphatic tissue in pharynx b. 3 types c. adenoids – pharyngeal tonsils - located high in nasopharynx C. Larynx 1. commonly called voice box 2. functions: a. routes air & food into proper channels b. role in speech 3. formed by 8 hyaline cartilages *largest is the thyroid cartilage (shield- shaped, protrudes anteriorly →Adam’s apple

  10. 4. true vocal cords *part of mucous membrane of larynx *pair of folds in mucous membrane *vibrate withexpelled air which causes speach D. trachea 1. commonly called the windpipe 2. lined w/ mucosa 3. passageway for air from larynx 4. extends downto level of 5th thoracic vertebra

  11. E. Main bronchii 1. formed by division of trachea (into a right & left) 2. right bronchus *wider *shorter than the left *straighter *common site for objects to because lodged

  12. F. Lungs 1. occupy entire thoracic cavity, except for mediastinum (which houses heart, esophagus,etc) 2. 2 portions: a. apex narrow, superior portion, deep to the clavicle b. base broad area resting on diaphragm 3. differences: a. left lung: has 2 lobes b. right lung: has 3 lobes

  13. 4. pleura a. produce a slippery serous secretion (pleural fluid) b. pulmonary/visceral covers surface of ea. lung c. parietal covers the walls of the thoracic cavity d. the 2 pleural layers cling together, but can easily slide across one another e. strongly resist being pulled apart

  14. 5. bronchioles a. smallest of the branches of the primary bronchi b. smallest of the conducting passageways of the lungs 6. alveoli a. air sacs within lungs b. terminal ends of the branching bronchioles c. where gas exchange occurs by simple diffusion d. coated by a lipid molecule, called surfactant, wh/ plays an imp. role in lung function

  15. III. RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY A. Respiration 1. consists of 4 distinct events a. pulmonary ventilation *air moves in & out of lungs *commonly called breathing b. external respiration *gas exchange between blood & alveoli c. respiratory gas transport *O2 & CO2 transported to/from lungs & cells d. internal respiration *gas exchange b/t blood & tissue cells

  16. B. Respiratory Volumes & Capacities 1. TV – Tidal Volume amt. of air brought into/out of lungs w/ normal, quiet breathing 2. IRV – Inspiratory Reserve Volume amt. of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume 3. ERV-Expiratory Reserve Volume amt. of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration 4. Residual Volume amt. of air remaining in lungs after the >est possible expiration 5. VC – Vital Capacity total amt. of exchangeable air

  17. C. Nonrespiratory Air Movements (pg.437) 1. sneeze expelled air is directed thru nasal cavity instead of oral cavity 2. laughing/crying inspiration followed by release of air in a # of short breaths 3. yawning very deep inspiration; ventilates all alveoli

  18. D. Respiration Rate 1. normal respiratory rate *called eupnea *12-15 respirations per minute 2. influenced by: a. physical factors talking, coughing, exercising b. volition (conscience control) singing, swallowing, swimming c. emotional factors scared (pant), anticipation (hold breath) surprised (gasp) d. chemical factors CO2 and O2 levels

  19. IV. RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS A. sinusitis sinus inflammation; can cause marked changes in voice quality B. Pleurisy inflammation of pleura; can be caused by lowsecretion of pleural fluid C. atelectasis lung collapse; lung is useless for ventilation D. hypoxia inadequate O2 delivery to body tissues; skin/mucosae be bluish (cyanosis)

  20. E. lung cancer (pg. 443) 1. accts. for 1/3 of all cancer deaths 2. incidence is high 3. greater prevalent malignancy of both sexes 4. greatly aggressive, metastasize rapidly & widely F. hyperventilation 1. deep, rapid breathing 2. changes amount of carbonic acid in blood 3. can lead to: apnea (cessation of breathing), cyanosis, dizziness, fainting

  21. Healthy Lung vs. Smoker’s lung

  22. G. COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) 1. includes: chronic bronchitis &/ emphysema 2. most damaging & disabling resp. disorders (mj. cause of death/disability in US) 3. common features: a. almost always with → history of smoking b. dyspnea (difficult/ labored breathing) “air hunger” occurs & b/c more severe c. coughing & frequent pulmonary inf. d. most COPD patients are hypoxic (inadequate O2 to tissues)

  23. H. cystic fibrosis 1. greater common lethal genetic disease in US 2. oversecretion of a thick mucus → clogs resp. passages 3. also impairs food digestion (clogs pancreatic & bile ducts) 4. sweat glands → extremely salty perspiration I. emphysema 1. alveoli enlarge 2. fibrosis of lungs 3. lungs because less elastic

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