12.1The Revolution of 1910 & Nationalism in Mexico

1. 12.1The Revolution of 1910 & Nationalism in Mexico • Porfirio Diaz Dictator 30 Years- strict, no democracy, poor suffered Cause of revolution of 1910 • Poor- low pay, harsh treatment, lost land, controlled by rich • Middle Class-want Democracy • Wealthy wanted foreign control out

3. Porfirio Diaz

4. Francisco Madero-(Educated Land Owner) wanted democracy &war against Diaz • 1911- Rebellions force Diaz to leave Mexico • Madero elected President assassinated 1913 by general • Gen Victoriano Huerta becomes President

5. Huerta

6. EmilianoZapata

8. 3 Leader fight against Huerta • Pancho Villa- Formed an army of northern poor- many were cowboys, ranch hands • goal was to return land to the poor • Emiliano Zapata-Southern Mexico- was a poor farmer • Demanded land for the poor farmers- army made up of peasants(Tierra Y Libertad) • Education for the poor • Venustiano Carranza –wealthy land Owner (did not want to give poor Land)

9. PanchoVilla

10. Carranza elected President 1917 (assassinated 1920) - Fights against Zapata & Villa (both assassinated)

11. Fighting ends with Constitution by the PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) • Began to give land to peasants • Began to bring schools to rural towns • Brought stability and Peace 1920’s Unified Mexico • Stable Democracy- Voted for Presidents peacefully

12. Mexico Post Revolution 1920-1940

13. Alvaro Obregon President 1920-1924 • Obregon was a northern Farmer • Joined the revolution and fought under Carranza • He believed in a capitalist Economy • Goal was to try to accommodate all groups to stabilize Mexico

14. His Reforms Land Reform Began to give land back to some pueblos • Slow process met with resistance from Haciendas and Church • Did more than Carranza but much less than Villa or Zapata wanted Labor • Wanted Labor Unions workers would help Economy • Labor Unions gained immense political power • (little changed for the average worker)

15. Education • Placed Jose Vasconcelos as Secretary of Public Education • Opened thousands of Schools in Rural areas • Made primary education compulsory • Created thousands of Libraries • Created teacher training centers to fill these positions

16. Capitalist Views • Obregon had a strong belief in property rights • Returned railways to private owners • Continued payment of Foreign Debt A right wing movement erupted but was crushed(Wealthy, hacendados, & Church) • Obregon had peasant, Labor Union, and 1923 US recognized his gov (brought stability)

17. Plutarco Calles 1924-1928 • Former Teacher and Revolutionary • He was hand picked to take power by Obregon • Shared many of the same views and goals

18. His Regime • Strengthen Monetary system • Created a Bank of Mexico. Only bank to print money • National Roads Commission and National Electrical Code created • Increased trade, construction, consumer goods • More effective in land redistribution • Problem was many of the peasants fell to same cycle of debt • Gov gave dry land and little support to work the land

19. Foreign Investments • Article 27 of the Const. gave Mexican gov rights to land and Natural resources • It was vague and unclear • Calles assured he would protect foreign investment(Oil) • Based on the constitution instead of a title(own land) the companies had a Lease(rent land)

20. Maximato 1928-1934 • Period where Calles was not President but ran the country(presidents took his orders) • 1929 Created the PNR(National Revolutionary Party) –soon to be PRI(Institutional Rev Party) • Time period of Corruption and there were little reforms • Elections were rigged and violence against opposition was common • PNR(PRI) party became more progressive needed to stop Calles

21. Lazaro Cardenas President 1934-1940 • State Governor of Michoacán • Honest in his goals • Spent 50% of the state budget on education • Took leadership of PNR(PRI) and was elected president in 1934 • Refused to take orders from Calles and exiled him

22. Lazaro Cardenas renewal of the goals of the Revolution •  restoration of the system of Ejidos (common lands) through a strong agrarian program to combat •  modern secular schools that would teach rationalist doctrines and combat the "fanaticism" of the Church •  workers' cooperatives to oppose the excesses of industrial capitalism • Nationalization of mineral and sub soil wealth -Meant kicking out Foreign companies

23. Land Reform • Returned 45 Million acres • Southern areas gave ejidos which were communal land • Northern Areas- gave Ranch more suited for livestock • Provided peasants with seeds, equipment, and government loans(lower rates) • Peasants become more productive

24. Labor Reform • Calles stopped supporting organized labor • New Labor Unions were allowed to form under Cardenas • Workers went on strike with out gov intervention • Gained higher wages and better working conditions

25. Education • Continued to spend on education • More schools and a more focused curriculum were formed • Increased the investment in higher educations • Took pride in the Native American roots of Mexico • Created Departamento de AsuntosIndigenas & InstitutoNacional de Antropologia de Mexico

26. Economic Reform • He continued to focus on capitalism and building industry in Mexico • Provided industry with gov loans and protective tariffs • 1938 due to labor conflicts Mexico decided to nationalize the oil • Huge support from entire nations • Raised money to pay the oil companies • Suffered economic sanctions from the US and England

27. Legacy • Known as one of the most honest presidents in Mexico • During his time standard of living increased for the average Mexican • Limited corruption in government • Problem- after he left office the following leaders become more corrupt and sighted with the elite

28. Art Movement • Resurgence in Art and pride in Mexican culture erupted 1920’s • This was an effort at nationalism an and creating community after the war • Indigenismo- taking pride in the native past of Mexico

29. Artist • The movement was led by gov funded murals • (Jose Vasconcelos) • Painting on many public buildings and Universities. Key artist:Diego Rivera, David Siqueiros, Jose Orozco

30. Orozco

31. Siqueiros

32. Rivera Murals