Nationalism

1. Nationalism

2. Young Turks • The movement established by the Turks in the late 1800’s to reform the Ottoman Empire • Young Turks wanted to strengthen the Ottoman Empire and end threat of Western Imperialism. • Wanted to return to a traditional Muslim government and leadership

3. Turkish Nationalism • The breakup of the Ottoman Empire and growing Western influence in Southeast Asia spurred the rise of nationalism in this region. • After WWI Turkey was all that remained of the Ottoman Empire. • Turkish nationalists overthrew the last Ottoman sultan, by the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. • In 1923, the leader of the overthrow became president of the new Republic of Turkey, the first republic in Southwest Asia. • He ushered many reforms that helped transform Turkey into a modern nation.

4. Japan and the Meiji Restoration

5. Tokugawa Isolation • European traders first arrived in Japan in the 1500’s. • In 1600’s Tokugawa shoguns had gained control of Japan. • They brought stability but also banned almost all contact with the outside world. • They also limited trade. • Treaty of Kanagawa ends ISOLATIONISM

6. Meiji Restoration • In 1867 daimyo and samurai led a rebellion to remove Tokugawa Shogun from power • Meiji means enlightened rule and in 1868 the Meiji Emperor was established as the ruler of Japan • In this time they ended feudalism and began to modernize by selectively borrowing from the west in Japan.

7. Borrowing from the West • The Meiji reformers were determined to strengthen Japan against the West. • Members of the government traveled abroad to learn about western government , economics, and customs • Foreign experts from the U.S., Great Britain and Germany were invited to Japan. • The Japanese took western manufacturing and modernized the country by building factories, railroads and roads. • Using western ideals allowed Japan to modernize in about 40 years. • Japan now went from and imperialized nation to an imperialistic nation.

8. Japanese Military Power • Japan began to create a modern military with help from the United States and Great Britain. • By 1890 Japan had modernized its army and navy. • When Japan fought Korea in 1894 they won easily. • Soon the Japanese beat Russia in Manchuria. This made Japan a world power

9. Sino-Japanese War • In 1876, Japan had grown in their military, political and economical strength. • Japan later wanted to invade Korea, as did China. • China and Japan signed a “Hands off” agreement, to keep Korea off limits to each other. • In June of 1894, China broke the agreement. • This turned into the Sino-Japanese war. • Japan won.

10. Russo- Japanese War • Russo-Japanese War  (1904-05). The war began on Feb. 8, 1904 • The Russo-Japanese War was a military conflict in which Japan fought Russia • The Reason for the war was to abandon Japans expansionist policy in the Far East. • The Russo-Japanese War developed out of the rivalry between Russia and Japan for dominance in Korea and Manchuria. • Japan easily won making them a world power

11. 4 Japanese Invasion • In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria, adding it to the growing Japanese empire. • In the face of Japanese aggression, Jiang was forced to form a united front with the Communists against Japan. • In 1937, Japanese troops attacked again, overrunning eastern China, including Beijing and Guangzhou. • Jiang retreated to the interior and set up his capital at Chongqing. • Japanese troops marched into Nanjing. • After the city’s surrender, the Japanese killed hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians in what came to be known as the “rape of Nanjing.”

12. WW2 Ends

13. 1 Recovery and Economic Miracle In 1945, Japan lay in ruins. • Japan’s success was shifted to making steel, and then to high technology.

14. Nationalism in India

15. Indian Nationalism • In India people had very few rights under British Imperialism. • During World War I Britain had promised Indians that who ever fought in the war for them would be freed and that they would have their own self-determination • After the war Britain failed to fulfill these promises • The Amristar Massacre • In 1919 • Riots and attacks on British citizens in the city of Amristar • Public meetings were banned • When a large group of Indians assembles on April 13 the British troops were called in • They fired upon the Indians without notice and killed about 400 people • Gandhi • Headed the Indian Nationalist movement • He taught non-violent resistance and civil disobedience • Used non-violent protesting such as boycotts • Rejected the caste systems and urged equal rights for all, including women • India did not get independence until 1947, one year before Gandhi's death • Gandhi was assassinated by a Hindu who thought Gandhi favored the Muslims

16. Indian National Congress • In 1885, the Hindu nationalist leaders in India formed the Indian National Congress. • They called for equal opportunity to serve in the government of India. They wanted greater democracy and western style modernization, looking toward self rule. • Their opposing party was the Muslim League, which was made up of Muslims who wanted to protect Muslim interests. • The leader of the Muslim League was Muhammad Ali

17. Muslim League • The Muslim League was a group of people formed in 1906 to get rid of foreign rule in India. • Although problems existed between the Muslims and Hindus, they joined together and found a common ground to get rid of the British. • Both groups worked toward the goal of National Independence. • They finally gained their independence in 1947.

18. Salt March • March 12, 1930 and ended on April 5 • Gandhi led thousands of people to the sea to collect their own salt rather than pay the salt tax to the British. • Gandhi marched 240 miles to make his own salt from the sea • Gandhi had shown the people that they could survive without the British.

19. The 'Quit India' movement was followed, nonetheless, by large-scale violence directed at railway stations, telegraph offices, government buildings, and other emblems and institutions of colonial rule. • There were widespread acts of sabotage, and the government held Gandhi responsible for these acts of violence, suggesting that they were a deliberate act of Congress policy. • Gandhi denied these charges. Quit India

20. JAWAHARLAL NEHRU • Born November 14, 1889; • He rose to become the top political leader of the Indian National Congress Party for independence from Britain • In his road to the top he was jailed seven times and after independence he served as the Prime Minister from 1947 until the day he died may 1964.

21. Pakistan • Pakistan gained its independence in 1947. • After Pakistan’s independence they suffered from religious and ethnic fighting with India

22. Muslim / Hindu Conflict • Hindus held the majority over the Muslims in India • When British Officials drew up the borders that divided the Hindus From the Muslims In an area called Pakistan • The independence caused millions of Muslims and Hindus to migrate to their newly formed country • Many were killed crossing the border. • Ten million refugees fled their homes. At least a million people, including Mohandas Gandhi, were killed. • In later years India and Pakistan would still clash over border disputes. • Both countries possess nuclear weapons and have threatened war many times.

23. 1 Partition of India, 1947

24. After independence, military leaders seized power and ruled as dictators. When civilian leaders were finally elected, the military continued to intervene. The country lacked natural resources for industry. Ethnic rivalries fueled conflicts. Severe economic problems and corruption plagued the government. Forty percent of the nation’s budget goes to repaying foreign debt. In 1971, Bengalis declared independence for Bangladesh. Geography has made it difficult to rise out of poverty. Explosive population growth has further strained resources. Since the early 1990s, civilian governments have worked to encourage foreign investments. 1 Pakistan and Bangladesh BANGLADESH PAKISTAN

25. 1 How is South Asia Linked to World Affairs? • India and Pakistan achieved their independence as the Cold War began. • Pakistan accepted military aid from the United States, while India signed a treaty of friendship with the Soviet Union. • When the Cold War ended, both India and Pakistan sought aid from the western powers. • Regional conflicts bred global concern after both India and Pakistan acquired nuclear weapons.

26. Nationalism in Africa

27. Pan-Africanism (1920-) • Called for the unity of all people of African descent all over the world. • Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana • Led many Pan-African movements in his time as a Prime Minister. • Helped organize the first Pan-African Congress • Held the first Pan-African meeting in Africa-1958 • Led to the formation of the Organization of African Unity (OAU)-1963 • Dreamed of the United States of Africa.

28. ORGANIZATION FOR AFRICAN UNITY (OAU) • Established 1963 in Ethiopia by 37 independent African nations • Initiated by Kwame Nkrumah • Established to promote Pan-Africanism • to promote unity and development • defend the sovereignty and territorial integrity of members • Get rid of all forms of colonialism • promote international cooperation • coordinate members' economic, diplomatic, educational, health, welfare, scientific, and defense policies.

29. Jomo Kenyatta • Nationalist who wanted Kenya to have its independence • When Kenya got its independence from the British in 1963 Kenyatta became President of the new nation • The Mau Mau, Kenyan farmers who used violence to drive the British out of Kenya started the Mau Mau rebellion. • Kenyatta would not denounce the violent methods used by the Mau Mau. • While under British rule he was imprisoned by the British even though he had no connections with the Mau Mau

30. Apartheid in South Africa • A policy created by whites in South Africa making people segregated. Blacks and other non-whites had to live in certain zones of the city and were not allowed in the white areas. • Blacks and non-whites had to use separate: • Trains • Beaches • Restaurants • Restrooms • Etc. • The whites who made up only 10 percent of the South African population wanted to maintain control of the government and economy • Non-whites weren’t allowed to vote or hold office

31. Nelson Mandela • Leader of the ANC (African National Congress) • In 1964 he was put in jail by the government • Jailed for 27 years • Mandela became the symbol of the struggle for freedom and oppressed Blacks and non-whites in South Africa. • In 1992 Mandela was freed by F.W. deKlerk • deKlerk and Mandela work on ending apartheid in South Africa and both wrote a new constitution for South Africa. • In 1994 Mandela becomes the first elected Black President of South Africa. • He receives Noble Peace Prize for ending an apartheid

32. Desmond Tutu • Helped to end Apartheid • He asked foreign businesses not to trade with South Africa, and to boycott their products. • In 1984, he won the Nobel Peace Prize, due to his non-violent methods.

33. F.W. de Klerk 1989 • F.D. de Klerk was elected president and determined reforms were long over due in South Africa, he… • Released Mandela • Ended segregation laws • Opened free election

34. Nationalism in China

35. Sun Yixian • 1900s: Chinese Nationalists want a new govt. • Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen), led the movement to replace the Qing dynasty. • Sun had three goals: • To end foreign domination • To form a representative government • To create economic security for the Chinese people • In 1911, workers, peasants, students and warlords toppled the monarchy and Sun Yixian was named president of the Chinese Republic

36. Mao Zedong • Leader of Chinese Communist Party beginning 1930’s • Fled Guomindang in 1934 with 100,000 followers – Long March • Communists, Nationalists, Japanese battled for control of China • Civil war continued after World War Two • Mao and Communists won in 1949 • Mao had support of huge peasant population by promising land • Had support of women by rejecting old inequalities • Mao’s army used hit-and-run guerrilla tactics • Mao became dictator of China, based his government on Soviet Union • Great Leap Forward failed • Cultural Revolution was when the government shut down schools and executed intellectuals

37. Great Leap Forward • Program begun by Mao Zedong in china in 1958 to increase agricultural and industrial output • Agriculture • Mao creates large collective farms called communes. • Life on communes is strictly controlled. • People live in common dorms, eat in common dining rooms, and own no property. • Each commune had a high quota to reach for production. • Many hate the communes. • The workers receive no pay for their labor. • Only the state prospers. • No incentive to work for the state. • Agricultural output declined. • Further between 1958 and 1961 crop failures cause a famine which kills 20 million people.

38. Communes(1958) • Communes are the same thing as collective farming, which was first invented by Stalin, from the Soviet Union. • This time they were being used by Mao Zedong, in China. • The communes were to produce enough food for China. • Many hated the communes and refused to work on the communes • A commune is a group of farms put together to help each other, so that way they can be twice as efficient with supplies. • The commune system was a failure and many starved because of the lack of production

39. Cultural Revolution • Mao launched the Cultural Revolution to renew people’s loyalty to the Communist party and to establish a more equitable society. • Mao feared that peasants and farm workers were being replaced by the intellectuals. So he shut down the schools. By doing this he basically “retarted” his country. • He urged students to experience a revolution of their own so they formed fighting groups called the Red Guard. • They attacked professors, government officials and factory managers. Many of whom were exiled or executed. • China was in a state of chaos • After 10 years the Cultural Revolution was deemed a failure and stopped by Mao

40. The Little Red Book • The Little Red Book • A series of quotes by Mao on how China should run. • Known as the bible of Communist China. • Used by the Red Guard to create a cult for Mao and Mao was seen as god-like

41. Peoples Republic of China • The Peoples Republic of China is a communist state on the Asian Mainland. • China was split up into two, The Peoples Republic of China and the Republic of China. • The Peoples Republic of China has a communist government. • The Peoples Republic of China Still considers their land (Taiwan) a part of China.

42. Republic Of China • When Civil War broke out in China, the match was set between the Nationalists and the Communists. • The Nationalists were led by Jiang Jieshi and ruled Southern China, they were supported by the United States. • The Communists were led by Mao Zedong and controlled Northern China , they were supported by the Soviet Union. • The Nationalists were weak with poor morale, and corrupt leadership. • The Communists defeated the Nationalists, who fled to Taiwan and created the Republic Of China. • The Communists took over China and named it the People’s Republic of China.

43. Four Modernizations (1980) • 1980 Deng Xiaoping took over China • Supported new reforms in Communism • Called for moderate changes • Progress in agriculture, industry, defense, science and technology • Farming-modernize and mechanized. • Industry-upgrade and expand. • Science and technology were promoted. • Defense-military forces were improved. • Was very successful • Food production increased by 50%.

44. China’s Human Rights Violations • China will not give political freedoms • China has been known for human rights violations. • China’s violations of human rights has strained relations with western nations and the United States. • Tiananmen Square • Tiananmen Square • 1989 demonstrators in Beijing wanted more rights and freedoms. • The government used tanks and troops on the demonstrators. • Thousands were killed. • The Chinese government showed that they were in control and would offer no political freedoms.

45. Tiananmen Square-1989 • Huge public space in Beijing, China. • Deng Xiaoping began to make reforms in China. • Not sticking to the communist ways, some people got worried that China would become democratic. • In April,1989, about 100,000 students occupied Tiananmen Square. • The chanted and protested for democratic reforms. • They had widespread support. • Deng sent in troops and tanks to break up the riots. Most of the protestors left, but about 3,000 stayed. • The soldiers then came in an opened fire on all of the protestors. • One brave man stood in front of the convoy of tanks that were coming in to the square. When they moved he moved. He blocked the tanks from coming in. The tanks couldn’t run him over, due to all of the media. The tanks finally gave up and turned around after a few hours.

46. Latin America

47. Economic Imperialism in Latin America • Political Problems: • During the 1800s, most Latin American nations were plagued by revolts, civil war, and dictatorships. • Many problems had their origins in colonial rule, as independence barely changed the existing social and political hierarchy. • With few roads and no traditions of unity, the new nations were weakened by regionalism, loyalty to a local area.

48. The Economics of Dependence Economic dependence occurs when less-developed nations export raw materials and commodities to industrial nations and import manufactured goods, capital, and technological know-how. The relationship is unequal because the more developed — and wealthier nation — can control prices and terms of trade. Under colonial rule, mercantilist policies made Latin America economically dependent on Spain and Portugal. After independence, this pattern changed very little. The region remained as economically dependent as before.

49. 2 The United States and Latin America • The United States was the leading investor and trading partner for most nations in Latin America. • During the Cold War, the United States intervened repeatedly in Latin America to protect its interests and to prevent the spread of communism. • The United States saw itself as the defender of democracy and capitalism and the source of humanitarian aid. Many Latin Americans, however, resented living under the shadow of the “colossus of the north.” • Latin American nations and the United States worked together in the Organization of American States (OAS). The organization was formed in 1948 to promote democracy, economic cooperation, and human rights.

50. 2 Regional and Global Issues THE DRUG WARS REGIONAL TIES Drug cartels in Latin America began exporting ever-larger quantities of cocaine and other drugs. In the 1980s, the United States declared a “war on drugs,” pressing Latin American governments to cooperate with these efforts. Regional trading blocs gained importance in the 1990s. Such groups created larger markets by lowering trade barriers among neighboring countries. Examples: NAFTA, Mercosur DEVELOPMENT VERSUS ENVIRONMENT MIGRATION Developing nations insisted that they needed to exploit their land and other resources if they wanted economic growth. This came at the expense of the environment. Poverty, civil war, and repressive governments caused Latin American immigration to the United States to increase rapidly after the 1970s. Pressure increased in the United States to halt illegal immigration.