The Age that Changed History

1. The Age that Changed History 600- 1450 Logan Copass, Elizabeth Nguyen, Chelsea Jones

2. Contents • Chinese Dynasties • Tang • Song • Yuan • Ming • Africa • West • East • Feudalism • Europe • Japan Medieval Travelers • Crusaders • Mansa Musa • Mongols • Marco Polo • IbnBattuta • Zheng He • Black Death Muslim Empires • Umayyad • Abbasid • Ottoman

3. The Crusades

4. What were the Crusades? • The crusades were a series of military expeditions to try and regain the holy land between the Christians and Ottomans. • Pope Urban II called the for the first crusade in 1096. • There were eight Crusades in all • Soldiers were characterized by the red cross sewn their clothing giving them the Latin name Cruciata

5. Why were they Traveling? • Penance • Ascension to heaven • Wealth and Land in South and West Asia.

6. Where Did They Travel? • They traveled to major cities in Europe: Lyon, Lisbon, Dover, Paris, Venice and Rome to the capital of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople and Acre in the Middle East.

7. Who Did They Meet? • The Seljuk Turks at Constantinople and the Byzantine people. • Middle Eastern inhabitants after capturing the Holy Land • Muslim Warriors • They had a strong European influence on the Middle East .

8. The First Crusade • Also known as the People’s Crusade or the Peasant’s Crusade • In 1095, Pope Urban called for the first crusade in Clermont, France to free Jerusalem from the Fatimid. • Many nobles and peasants took up the cause thinking that God would knock down the walls when they got their and there would be no bloodshed. • May 1098, the main crusade finally reached Jerusalem. • The Fatimid were busy fighting the Seljuk and did not defend Jerusalem well. • The Crusaders managed to take Jerusalem.

9. The Second Crusade • By 1144, a Mamluk general, had managed to unite enough Turks and Arabs in his army to attack the Christian kingdoms. • Louis VII and Conrad III of Germany, the Holy Roman Emperor took up the cause. • From beginning to end, though, this crusade was not successful. Most of Conrad's soldiers were killed as they marched through Turkey. • The last attack on Damascus failed and the crusaders went home defeated.

10. The Third Crusade • In 1174 AD, a strong Kurdish general named Saladin took over. • Saladin conquered Egypt ,Israel, and Lebanon. In 1187, he took Jerusalem. • Richard the Lionhearted, the king of England, Philippe Augustus, the king of France, and Friedrich Barbarossa, king of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor, all went to Jerusalem. • The French and English armies besieged Acre and managed to take it. Richard killed 2700 prisoners taken at Acre. • But after the victory at Acre, Philippe had had enough of the crusade and went home to France, to attack England • In 1192 Richard and Saladin made peace. • Christians could come and go freely from Jerusalem, and Saladin promised not to attack what was left of the Christian kingdom • On the way home, Richard was captured by the new German emperor, Heinrich VI.

11. The Fourth Crusade • In 1200 AD, Pope Innocent began to ask the leaders of Europe to participate in a fourth crusade, again attempting to take Jerusalem away from the Ayyubids. • In 1202, the Crusaders came to Venice to get their ships, but they didn't have enough money to pay for them. So they promised the city Zara to them. • On the way to Jerusalem, the tired crusaders decided to attack Constantinople • They never made it to Jerusalem

13. Mansa Musa

14. Who is Mansa Musa? • The grandson or grandnephew of Sundiata. • Came to throne in 1307 • Expanded Mali’s empire through war and diplomacy. • Encouraged arts and learning • Devoted Muslim • Was courteous and considered legendary throughout the world

15. Where Did He Travel? • Destined to Mecca for hajj • Took a caravan of 60,000 members across the Sahara into the Arabian Peninsula • Before his pilgrimage mapped food and water sources along the way • Carried 300lbs. of gold dust & 500 6lb. gold bars • After 60 days, Mansa Musa reached Egypt. Spent money “out the wa-zoo” in in Cairo and Alexandria. • Reached Mecca and turned around; took a year to return to Mali.

16. Why Are They Traveling? • Dedicated to complete one of the five pillars of Islam. • Took the opportunity to give to the poor • One theory suggests that his hajj was penance for accidentally killing his mother Who Did They Meet? • Convinced Ishak al-Sahilito return with him to Mali • Brought back a Sudanic style of architecture that began ….to develop in Mali • He met the sultan of Cairo

17. Ibn Battuta

18. Who Is Ibn Battuta? • Born in Morocco in 1304 • At age 21 left home in Tangier to make first hajj to Mecca • Muslim Scholar

19. Where Did He Travel? • Traveled throughout Central Asia, Spain, India and West Africa • Visited Mali kingdom in 1352 • Toured cities of Cairo, Medina, Constantinople and Dehli • Went to Mecca three times • Over 30 years, traveled over 75,000 miles

20. Why Did He Travel? • First trip away from home was to head to Mecca in accordance to one of the five pillars of Islam • Traced the trail of Genghis Khan within Central Asia • Set the goal to reach India; once in Delhi he served as a judge in their royal court for seven years

21. Who Did He Meet? • Sufi poet al-Rumi(founder of the order of the dervishes) inKonya • Accompanied the daughter of the Byzantine emperor to Constantinople to witness the birth of her child • Severed under India’s eccentric sultan • Christians, Muslims, slaves, common-folk

22. Zheng He

23. Who Is Zheng He? • Lived from 1371 to 1435 • Famous mariner and navigator • Before his expeditions, he was a court eunuch • His fleet included 63 massive ships that carried supplies and nearly 28,000 soldiers and merchants

24. Where Did He Travel? • Early expeditions only ventured as far as neighboring kingdoms in southeast Asia • Sailed to Singapore, Indonesia, Chittagong, Hurmuz and Malindi • Visited Persia, the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula and Africa’s eastern coast

25. Who Did He Meet? Why Did He Travel? • Between 1405 and 1423 the emperor of Ming China, Zhou-Lu, appointed Zheng He to lead seven overseas expeditions • Driven by wanderlust, treasure and tributary • Represented the Ming dynasty; transported numerous ambassadors • Barbarians • King of Sri Lanka • Obtained exotic animals form Africa to bring zoo back home

26. Mongols

27. Mongols • Nomadic pastoral society • Survival depended on strong tribal leader • Capital City: Karakorum • Genghis Khan helped expand empire by taking over Islamic empires. • Tributary system. • Supported trade and increased merchant social status. • Large empire stretched across Asia into Eastern Europe.

28. Mongols • Skilled in riding horses. • Started learning since the age they could walk. • Short bows that could shoot up to 400 yards • Used battering rams, catapults, lances, hatchets, and maces • Had superior war tactics. • Used leather gear and metal armor. • Had

29. Mongols • Used goats and sheep for meat, clothing, and milk. • Traded hides and dairy for jewelry and weapons • Trade flourished under Mongol rule. • Improved economic strain on peasants. • They were tolerant of religions • Islamic culture was damaged by Mongol destruction. • Mongol empire greatly affected by the black death.

30. Black Death

31. Who is the Traveler? • Worst epidemic known to man. • Comes from the rat flea that originated in Africa. • Traveled by boat into Asia then Europe. • Transmitted from the flea that drinks a rat’s blood and then bites a human. • Also is transmitted from an infected human’s saliva carried by air • Three forms: Bubonic, pneumonic, and septimic. • Pneumonic and septimic are least common. • Bacteria is called Yesinia Pestis.

32. Where Did it Travel? • Originated in Africa. • Made its way to Asia and the West into the Mongolian empire. • Went into Europe from merchants coming into port along the Black sea. • Tartars were infected and invaded Europe through Italy and then spread into Europe.

33. Why Did it Travel? • Increase of trade and global human interaction. • It spread into Europe because the Tartars blamed epidemic on Christians. • Used large catapults to launch infected bodies into Caffa, Italy. • Spread through the Rat flea in Africa.

34. Who did it meet? • Affected tribes in Africa • Spread by boat and affected the Mongols and the Tartars • Both civilizations invaded Europe and the disease was spread. • Traveling Merchants.

35. West Africa • Ghana rose as the first great trading state pre-600 • Ghanaian kings were supported by large standing armies • Kingdom of Ghana collapsed due to constant warfare in 1200 • Sundiata united people of Mali in 1240 • Famous city of Timbuktu • Kilwa rose to economic dominance when African post commerce shifted southward

36. East Africa • Profiting from foreign trade, East African ports prospered from the export of ivory and slaves • Dominant trade cities: Mombasa, Sofala, and Zanzibar • Government consisted mainly of independent city-states ruled by indigenous kings or Arab sheiks • Ethnicities were diverse as traders tended to spread their culture; Swahili was regional language

37. Islam At A Glance Origin: Arabian Peninsula (Mecca/Medina) Date: 610 C.E. Prophet/Leader: Muhammad; Caliphs God: Allah Holy Book: Qur’an, Hadith, Five Pillars Span: Worldwide Branches: Sunni, Shi’ite General Philosophy: Surrender to will of Allah

38. Setting The Stage • Mecca was an important trade city and destination of pilgrims to the shrine Ka’aba during holy months • The Ka’aba was associated with Abraham and included over 350 idols with ties from surrounding nomadic tribes • Monotheism before Muhammad was practiced strictly by hanifs

39. The Rise of Islam • 570 C.E. Muhammad was born • 610 C.E. at the age of forty, Muhammad was visited by the angel Gabriel and informed that he was the messenger of Allah • Muhammad was slow to gain a following because many Arabs feared his ideas would abandon the idols of Ka’aba • 622 C.E. Stoning and beatings drove Muhammad and a small following of friends and family to Yathrib (Hijrah) • Muhammad gained a large following in Yahrib and the city was renamed Medina (city of the prophet) • After several years of gaining military and economic influence in Medina, Muhammad and a comparatively small army took Mecca • The shrine of Ka’aba was destroyed, and Mecca was converted to Islam

40. Founded Mecca and dominated its politics and commercial economy • They were Muhammad's early enemies and refused to let Muslims worship in the Ka’ba. Eventually they were won over by Muhammad and converted to Islam. • They were ruled by Uthman the caliph. • Sunnis were supporters of the Umayyads after warfare erupted between the Umayyads the followers of Ali. • The began Arab conquest in the last half of the 7th century. The spread to central Asia and by early 8th century they expanded into northwest Inda and west into Africa and into Spain. They were defeated Charles Martel at Poitiers. • The empire grew rapidly and while Mecca remained the holy city, the political center shifted to Damascus in Syria.

41. Built up a bureacracy to rule over the Arab conquest state. • Only Muslim Arabs were first class citizens and made up the army and the imperial administration. They could be taxed only for charity. • They kept the Muslim warrior elite isolated in hopes that it would keep them from assimilating. Assimilation meant loss of taxable subjects • Mawali, Muslim converts, still had to pay property taxes and the jizya, or head tax, levied on nonbelievers. • The Dhimmis, or people of the book, were Jews and christians who shared the Bible with the Muslims. The Muslims tolerated the religions of the Dhimmis although they did have to pay the jizya and commercial and property taxes.

42. Under their rule, the position of women was greatly strengthened although it was now a patriarchal society. • Men were allowed up to four wives if he could support them all equally. • Women had inheritance and divorce rights • The bride price was paid to the future wife rather than her father.

43. Their decline was attributed to their growing addiction to luxury and soft living. • Frontier warriors settlers settled on Iranian borderlands of the empire. They married the local woman and resented the governors sent from Damascus whom they viewd as corrupt and decadent. • started a revolt in the eastern portions of the empire. • marched under the black banners of the Abbasid party. The Shiites and Malawi supported their cause. • They were defeated by the Abbasids in the Battle on the River Zab. • Abbasids invited all the Umayyads to a feast and slaughtered them all.

44. Gradually rejected old allies and became more righteous in their defense of Sunni and had less tolerant views of heretical views • Centralized, absolutist imperial order • Capital was Baghdad. • Had thrones like the Persian emperors • Growing acceptance of Mawali • Dividing the booty had been discarded. • Converts had equal footing • Converts did not pay tax, got education and high positions.

45. Large empire but lack of communication weakened the effectiveness of royal commands. • Abbasid rulers called themselves “Shadow of God on earth” • Afro-Eurasian trading network, which had declined with the fall of the Han Dynasty • Dhows and sailing vessel carried goods • Muslim merchants joined with Christians and Jews because each had different Sabbath • Grew rich • Luxury products • Decline of women rights • Veils and harems showed subjugation to men

46. Plato and Greek learning • Mathematics • Zanj slaves – non Muslims captured on slaving raids in east Africa • Declined because of the lack of control and limited military technology and major slave revolts. • Were eventually invaded by the Mongols

47. Rise of Ottoman Empire • Nomads of northwestern Asia Minor established their own state under sultan Osman I by the late 1200s • Between 1300 and 1400, military and economic influence unified the surrounding region under their centralized authority • Sultan replaced Caliphs as head of the bureaucracy and ruled with the help of viziers (wazirs), a grand vizier, and provincinal governors (beys and pashas) • Selim I (1512-1520) united political and religious authority under the sultan • The position of sultan was hereditary, and competition among concubines and their sons was common

48. Byzantine Empire

49. Byzantine Empire • Emperor was head of Church and State • Family Lineage of military office • Eastern Orthodox Christianity with elements of Hellenism and Iconoclasm • Justinian’s Law Code: form of Roman law spread across the entire empire • Hagia Sophia & Cyrillic Alphabet

50. Byzantine Empire • Empire covered Western Asia, Southeastern Europe, Balkan Peninsula, Northern Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean • Constantinople was sacked by Venetian soldiers during the Fourth Crusade (1202-1204) • 11th century, Seljuk Turks attacked the empire from the east; Ottoman Turks toppled Constantinople in 1453, crushing the Byzantine Empire and renaming the city Istanbul