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Therapeutic Cloning and Stem Cell Therapy

Therapeutic Cloning and Stem Cell Therapy. By: Breanna Lent Chrissy Douglas Naveed Stegamat. How much do you know already know about Stem Cells?. TRUE or FALSE: Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can become any cell type from the three germ layers. T/F___________

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Therapeutic Cloning and Stem Cell Therapy

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  1. Therapeutic Cloning and Stem Cell Therapy By: Breanna Lent Chrissy Douglas NaveedStegamat

  2. How much do you know already know about Stem Cells? TRUE or FALSE: Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can become any cell type from the three germ layers. T/F___________ Adult stem cells can become virtually any cell type in the body. T/F__________ Adult stem cells can be artificially reverted back into embryonic stem cells. T/F __________ Induced pluripotent stem cells are man made. T/F_________ Scientists already know every there is to know about stem cells. T/F_________ TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE

  3. Background • Mid 1800’s: knew there was some cells that could generate into others • First transplant: between identical twins • 1973: first transplant between unrelated bone marrow • 1998: James Thomson developed the first embryonic stem cell lines in embryos

  4. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

  5. How are the 3 types of Pluripotent Stem Cells different?

  6. Pluripotent What are the three types? - a cell that has the potential to differentiate into any cell of the three germ layers • Parthenote Stem Cells 2. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 3. Embryonic Stem Cells

  7. Parthenote Stem Cells • Created by only use of an egg • Parthenogenesis- process

  8. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells • Background information • How created? • Reprogram somatic adult cell using a retrovirus • How do scientists know it transformed? • Hochedlinger; Harvard

  9. Fibroblast Cell • What is it? • Background • Why are they used?

  10. Transgenes

  11. STEMCCA • At first, used 4 different retroviruses to transform the one cell • increases risk of cancer due to the many cMYC genes being integrated • STEMCCA: “stem cell cassette” • combined all genes onto one virus vector

  12. Embryonic Stem Cells • Found in blastocysts

  13. Controversy Embryonic • Kills embryos that are human beings Induced Pluripotent • More likely to cause cancer because of the cMYConco-gene

  14. How are stem cells maintained?

  15. Where do you Start? • Why embryonic? • Taken from blastocyst at 5 days • After removed, they are placed onto a Petri dish with feeder layers

  16. What are Feeder Layers? • MEF’s • Why are MEF’s so important? • Why don’t the MEF’s divide themselves?

  17. Demonstration!

  18. Hematopoietic Stem Cells • Multipotent • Hematopoietic Stem Cell- A stem cell that differentiates into any of the blood cells. • Used most.

  19. Multipotent vs. PluripotentWhich is better?

  20. What are hematopoietic stem cells made of?

  21. Lymphocyte-biased HSC’s (Ly-bi) • High L/M ratio. Lymphocytes >10. • 2. Myeloid-biased HSC’s ( • 3. Balanced HSC’s (Bala) • Lymphocytes > or = 3 and < or = 10

  22. What are some Hematopoietic Stem Cell sources?

  23. Bone Marrow • Where is it found most? • Extraction • How is it Maintained? • First Bone Marrow Transplant

  24. Peripheral Blood • Hormone Growth Factors. • How are they extracted? • Peripheral Blood Machine • How are they maintained?

  25. Umbilical Cord Blood • Percentage, first transplant. • Where? • Benefit

  26. Which Source is Best?

  27. Leukemia • Disease of White blood cells • Results when cells function abnormally • Interfere with other organs • Five stages of severity • Two main types, chronic and acute. • Why are hematopoietic Stem cells used as opposed to another type?

  28. Curing Leukemia via Stem Cell Transplant • 1. Need a perfect donor • 2. Destroy Immune System by chemotherapy and radiation. • 3. Stem cell transplant from one of the three sources. • The hematopoietic stem cells start making new blood cells and fix the immune system. • Make a complete new one without abnormal cells.

  29. Amniotic Fetal Stem Cells • Where are they found? • How are they characterized? • Advantages

  30. Dr. Atala’s Research • Wake Forest • Mice • Stroke, Brain Injuries • Type 1 Diabetes • What is it? • How can amniotic fetal stem cells help? • Goals • Birth Defects

  31. What is it?

  32. The Basics • Uniqueness • Basic protocol: • Get stem cells and differentiate • Make scaffold • Place stem cells onto scaffold and let grow • Implant into patient

  33. First Success Case! • Woman- 30 years old • Scaffold- human trachea • Stem cells

  34. Inner Lining Adding the Stem Cells to the Scaffold Outer Lining • Novel Bioreactor again • Seeded into the inside Novel Bioreactor Migrating And four days later the trachea is ready!!! It is implanted and it is a success!!!!

  35. Disadvantages Tissue Engineering Advantages • Technology not yet perfected • May take decades to become readily available • Scaffolds hard to get perfect Made from persons own cells No more wait list Fewer surgeries

  36. Future of Stem Cells • New Research • Stem cells from Human Placental Tissue • Aging • POTENTIAL

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