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Uses of Viruses in Biotechnology and other Tools

Uses of Viruses in Biotechnology and other Tools. How do you clean up the junk?. Don’t start with DNA… Use mRNA copy of the gene without the junk! But in the end, you need DNA to clone into plasmid… How do you go from RNA  DNA? reverse transcriptase from RNA viruses retroviruses.

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Uses of Viruses in Biotechnology and other Tools

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  1. Uses of Viruses in Biotechnology and other Tools

  2. How do you clean up the junk? • Don’t start with DNA… • Use mRNA • copy of the gene without the junk! • But in the end, you need DNA to clone into plasmid… • How do you go from RNA  DNA? • reverse transcriptase from RNA viruses • retroviruses reverse transcriptase

  3. cDNA (copy DNA) libraries • Collection of only the coding sequences of expressed genes • extract mRNA from cells • reverse transcriptase • RNA  DNA • from retroviruses • clone into plasmid • Applications • need edited DNA for expression in bacteria • human insulin

  4. Where do we go next…. DNA RNA protein trait • When a gene is turned on, it creates a trait • want to know what gene is being expressed extract mRNA from cells mRNA = active genes How do you match mRNA back to DNA in cells??? reverse transcriptase

  5. Making lots of copies of DNA But it would be so much easier if we didn’t have to use bacteria every time…

  6. Copy DNA without plasmids? PCR! • Polymerase Chain Reaction • method for making many, many copies of a specific segment of DNA • ~only need 1 cell of DNA to start No more bacteria,No more plasmids, No more E. colismelly looks!

  7. PCR process • It’s copying DNA in a test tube! • What do you need? • template strand • DNA polymerase enzyme • nucleotides • ATP, GTP, CTP, TTP • primer Thermocycler

  8. PCR primers • The primers are critical! • need to know a bit of sequence to make proper primers • primers can bracket target sequence • start with long piece of DNA & copy a specified shorter segment • primers define section of DNA to be cloned 20-30 cycles 3 steps/cycle 30 sec/step

  9. PCR process • What do you need to do? • in tube: DNA, DNA polymerase enzyme, primer, nucleotides • denature DNA: heat (90°C) DNA to separate strands • anneal DNA: cool to hybridize with primers & build DNA (extension) What does 90°Cdo to ourDNA polymerase? play DNAi movie

  10. The polymerase problem PCR20-30 cycles 3 steps/cycle 30 sec/step • Heat DNA to denature (unwind) it • 90°C destroys DNA polymerase • have to add new enzyme every cycle • almost impractical! • Need enzyme that can withstand 90°C… • Taq polymerase • from hot springs bacteria • Thermus aquaticus

  11. Kary Mullis 1985 | 1993 • development of PCR technique • a copying machine for DNA

  12. RNA interference • RNAi: process that can silence mRNA to stop protein synthesis. • Could possibly be used to silence the production of viral RNA in a cell to cure viruses. • Two Types of Silencing RNA • Micro RNA (miRNA) • Small Interfering RNA: SiRNA • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cK-OGB1_ELE

  13. Stem Cells http://www.eurostemcell.org/toolkititem/stem-cells-future-introduction-ips-cells

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